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		<title>Basal cell carcinoma</title>
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&lt;p&gt;BASAL CELL CARCINOMA: THE DISEASE &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common skin cancer. In France, its incidence is approximately 180 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. It generally occurs after the age of 50 and is preferentially located on sun-exposed areas such as the face. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The risk factors for developing BCC are related to patient-specific factors and external factors. The main patient-specific risk is the colour of the skin, eyes and hair, and the ability to tan. The risk is (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;h2&gt;BASAL CELL CARCINOMA: THE DISEASE&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Basal cell carcinoma is the most common skin cancer. In France, its incidence is approximately 180 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. It generally occurs after the age of 50 and is preferentially located on sun-exposed areas such as the face.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The risk factors for developing BCC are related to patient-specific factors and external factors. The main patient-specific risk is the colour of the skin, eyes and hair, and the ability to tan. The risk is the highest in individuals with fair skin, eyes and hair who are unable to tan. The external factors are mainly solar irradiation, with sudden and repeated exposures being the main risk factor. Some rare genetic diseases are manifested by multiple BCCs: this is the case, for example, of naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and xeroderma pigmentosum. Given their rarity, these disorders require management in highly specialized centres.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There are several types of BCC:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; Superficial BCCs, , which are located mainly on the trunk and limbs, present as red, scaly plaques with a sometimes slightly raised border.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; Nodular BCCs, the most common type, are located mainly on the face and present as a more or less translucent nodule traversed by dilated vessels visible to the naked eye.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; Sclerodermiform BCCsresemble a whitish scar and are often difficult to visualize .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;All of these forms may become pigmented or ulcerated during their course.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There is a specific histological appearance for these different forms, to which micronodular and infiltrative forms should be added.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The course of BCCs is slow. The risk of metastasis is very low, but neglected forms may extend and infiltrate deeply, potentially causing pain by compression and bleeding. Once treated, a patient with BCC has a risk of recurrence that is all the greater when prognostic factors are unfavourable and the disease has been managed late. In addition, patients who have had a BCC has an increased risk of developing another skin cancer during their lifetime.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;According to the clinical and histological type, but also according to the size and location of the tumor, the 2004 French consensus conference recognises three different prognostic groups in terms of risk of recurrence. Knowledge of these prognostic groups is important to decide on the best therapeutic option. A biopsy of the lesion is most often performed in order to confirm the diagnosis and specify the histological type of the tumor, thereby guiding the surgical procedure.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;TREATMENT&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Management of BCCs is based on stratification of the risk of recurrence, distinguishing BCCs that are easy to treat from BCCs that are difficult to treat. This classification is based on the intrinsic factors of the tumor and the patient's comorbidities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;SURGERY&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;First-line treatment is always surgery. Overall, it allows complete cure rates of more than 95%. In the majority of cases, it is performed under local anaesthesia in a single stage, but in extensive forms or in periorificial areas of the face, it may require several surgical stages in order to ensure that resection is complete. The margins of healthy tissue to be removed around the tumour during the procedure vary according to the BCC risk group. They are 3 to 4 mm in forms with a good prognosis but may reach 1 cm in forms with a poor prognosis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;LOCAL TREATMENTS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In superficial forms, local treatments such as imiquimod, 5-fluorouracil or photodynamic therapy may be proposed. However, these are blind techniques that do not make it possible to be certain that the tumor has been completely eradicated. These techniques therefore justify reinforced follow-up.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;CRYOSURGERY&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This technic consists of destroying the tumor by freezing it. It gives good results in small superficial or nodular forms. It is performed under local anaesthesia and requires local care after treatment for approximately one month.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;RADIOTHERAPY&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is a second-line treatment that should be reserved for inoperable or recurrent forms. It gives good curative results. It is contraindicated in cases of genetic disease and in sclerodermiform forms.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;SYSTEMIC TREATMENTS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Systemic treatments are reserved for locally advanced, inoperable, very advanced, multiply recurrent or, more rarely, metastatic forms. Management must then be discussed in a multidisciplinary team meeting (MDT).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Hedgehog pathway inhibitors, vismodegib and sonidegib, are the reference treatments for locally advanced or metastatic BCCs when surgery or radiotherapy do not allow curative management. They may cause frequent adverse effects, including muscle cramps, loss of taste, loss of appetite, weight loss, alopecia and fatigue. They are teratogenic, which requires strict prevention of pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, in particular cemiplimab, is now a second-line option in patients with progression, a contraindication to, or intolerance of Hedgehog inhibitors. This update is important: immunotherapy is no longer only being evaluated in trials; it is part of the recommended therapeutic options in these situations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;PREVENTION AND FOLLOW-UP&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p align=&#034;left&#034;&gt;Primary prevention is based on sun avoidance adapted to the patient's phototype.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Follow-up of a patient who has had a BCC is purely clinical follow-up, at least once a year for 3 years, or even throughout life for high-risk patients. The purpose of this surveillance is to detect a recurrence and to look for a possible new skin cancer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;LINK&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EADV leaflet published in 2019, produced by the EADV Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Task Force:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.eadv.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/EADV-NMSC_5-BCC.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.eadv.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/EADV-NMSC_5-BCC.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;h2&gt;DEFINITIONS&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), or basal cell epithelioma, is the most common skin cancer. Worldwide, the incidence of BCC in people over 55 years of age increased sharply from the 1990s onward, followed by a stabilization phase since the mid-2000s. This disease mainly affects populations in Western countries, particularly North America and Europe, and more frequently affects men [1]. In Europe, BCC accounts for approximately 86% of non-melanoma skin cancers. Although a slight overall decrease in incidence is observed, certain populations, particularly adults under 45 years of age in Northern and Central Europe, have shown a recent resurgence, probably related to increased sun exposure and the growing popularity of tanning [2]. In France, despite data limited to two regional registries, incidence has increased markedly since the 1980s, reaching approximately 180 cases per 100,000 person-years between 2014 and 2019, with a slowing of this progression after 2000, possibly related to prevention campaigns and changes in diagnostic practices [3]. BCC mainly affects older individuals, with a marked incidence after 60 years of age and a predominance in men at these ages, whereas women are proportionally more affected before 50 years of age, which could reflect more frequent use of artificial tanning. Overall, despite major geographic disparities, the increase in BCC remains sustained, driven by population aging, cumulative ultraviolet exposure, and improved screening.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;BCC classically develops &lt;em&gt;de novo&lt;/em&gt;. It arises from epidermal tissue and, more specifically, from keratinocytes. It is a malignant epithelial cutaneous tumor with a slow course, a low metastatic potential, and mainly local progression. There are three main clinical forms : superficial, nodular, and morpheiform, each with characteristic location and appearance. BCCs generally do not occur on the palms, soles, or mucous membranes, because these areas lack pilosebaceous units, whereas vulvar or scrotal locations remain exceptional.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The diagnosis of BCC is based primarily on clinical suspicion when faced with a suggestive lesion, but histological confirmation remains necessary to formally confirm the diagnosis, particularly by incisional or punch biopsy with a sufficiently deep sample to look for a possible infiltrative component and to specify the histological subtype. In certain very typical situations, without any poor-prognosis criterion and when the planned treatment is non-mutilating surgical excision, primary excision may be performed, with histological confirmation then obtained on the surgical specimen. Dermoscopy is a major diagnostic aid, improving sensitivity and specificity compared with clinical examination alone, while non-invasive imaging techniques such as reflectance confocal microscopy, OCT, or LC-OCT may complement the assessment, particularly for equivocal lesions and for estimating the subtype, tumor depth, and margins [4-7].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The differential diagnoses of BCC vary according to the clinical and histological subtype : superficial forms may seem similar to Bowen disease, seborrheic keratosis, atypical actinic keratosis, or erythematosquamous dermatitis ; nodular forms, particularly pigmented forms, must be distinguished from melanocytic lesions ; whereas morpheiform forms may suggest adnexal tumors, morphea, or a scar. The use of clinical-dermoscopic correlation, histology, and sometimes immunohistochemistry helps resolve diagnostic uncertainty [8].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The main etiological factor is sun exposure, explaining why 80% of BCCs occur on exposed areas, essentially on the head and neck [9]. BCC is mainly associated with intermittent and recreational sun exposure [10, 11], although chronic cumulative exposure also plays a role in the occurrence of BCC, particularly on the head and neck [12]. BCCs may also occur after radiotherapy [13] or exposure to chemical substances such as arsenic [14], pesticides [15], or radon [16]. Other risk factors also include iatrogenic factors, particularly through photosensitizing drugs [17, 18], anti-rejection drugs in transplant patients [19, 20], or cumulative exposure to estrogens [21, 22]. Immunocompromised patients are also at greater risk of developing BCC [23].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Climate change also increases UV-related risk by prolonging exposure to UV radiation (longer summers, temperatures favoring outdoor activities) and by increasing its intensity through atmospheric changes, while pollution potentiates its harmful effects on the skin through oxidative stress, amplifying DNA damage and carcinogenesis [24].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Emerging evidence suggests that the skin microbiome may exert a protective effect against certain skin cancers, including BCC [25].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Finally, certain genetic disorders predispose to the development of BCCs, for example xeroderma pigmentosum, a disease linked to an autosomal recessive DNA repair deficiency, and naevoid basal cell nevus syndrome (NBCCS) or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, linked to mutations in the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway. Each of these two genodermatoses is the subject of a separate chapter.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There is substantial heterogeneity in BCCs. Historically, several anatomoclinical classifications have been proposed, based on the tumors' aggressiveness over time. However, recent classifications tend to move toward a pragmatic stratification of risk and therapeutic complexity, rather than a simple morphological categorization.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The 2004 French consensus conference [26] distinguished clinical subtypes (nodular, superficial, morpheiform) and histological subtypes (nodular, superficial, infiltrative including micronodular, morpheiform). These classifications remain broadly valid from a descriptive standpoint, but are now complemented by more global approaches.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Indeed, recent European guidelines now propose a clinical classification distinguishing BCCs that are &#8220;easy to treat&#8221; (low-risk) from those that are &#8220;difficult to treat&#8221; (high-risk or locally advanced), based on multifactorial stratification including [4] :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;histological type (aggressive vs indolent forms : in mixed histological subtypes, the most aggressive component should always guide management,&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;anatomical location (high-risk areas such as the centrofacial area),&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;tumor size,&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;primary or recurrent status,&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;as well as patient-related factors (age, comorbidities, therapeutic feasibility) [5].&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Recent guidelines confirm the importance of location :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;High-risk areas : centrofacial region (&#8220;H-zone&#8221;), periorificial areas ;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;Intermediate-risk areas : rest of the face, scalp, neck ;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;Low-risk areas : trunk and limbs.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tumor size remains an important prognostic factor, with a lower threshold in high-risk areas, which is consistent with previous classifications.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The table 1 presents the recurrence-risk stratification of localized BCCs according to the clinical and pathological criteria defined by the NCCN (2024) [7].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This development reflects the intention to align classification with therapeutic choices. From this perspective, the stratification proposed by the EADO (European Association of Dermato-Oncology) distinguishes BCCs according to the expected complexity of their management, ranging from stage I (simple lesions) to stage IV (metastatic forms) (see Figure 1). This approach takes into account elements such as technical difficulty, the aggressive nature of the tumor, and the number and size of the lesions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;BCCs with straightforward management : they account for approximately 90% of cases. Their risk of recurrence is low and they can generally be treated by conventional surgery.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;BCCs with complex management : these include tumors located in anatomically sensitive areas (around orifices), multiple or recurrent forms, lesions with poorly defined contours, and situations in which comorbidities complicate surgery. Cases with a history of radiotherapy in the affected area or in which the patient refuses surgery are also included. These forms have a higher risk of recurrence and justify specialized management.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thus, the three-group prognostic classification proposed by the French consensus conference [26] (good, intermediate, poor prognosis) retains educational value, but is now replaced in practice by a low-risk vs high-risk stratification that is more directly useful for guiding therapeutic strategy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Despite these differences in local aggressiveness, BCCs have a very low metastatic capacity (&lt; 1%), but may progress to locally advanced and destructive forms if left untreated [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The objectives of treatment remain optimal oncologic efficacy, combined with a satisfactory aesthetic and functional result, as well as maximum comfort for the patient. Comparing the different therapeutic modalities remains difficult without rigorous standardization of evaluation criteria and follow-up durations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;With regard to recurrences, historical data [27] remain broadly valid : they occur mainly in the first years following treatment. Current guidelines emphasize the need for prolonged follow-up, particularly for high-risk, multiple, or recurrent forms, in accordance with current European guidelines [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;AVAILABLE TREATMENTS&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The therapeutic decision must be based on prior histological confirmation, particularly in cases of diagnostic uncertainty or at-risk lesions. Upfront excision of a BCC without prior histological confirmation is possible when the clinical diagnosis is typical (aided by dermoscopy), when the surgical treatment is minimally mutilating, with 3 to 4 mm margins allowing subsequent histological analysis, and in the absence of clinical poor-prognosis criteria [5, 26]. First-line treatment of BCC is based on complete surgical excision, allowing histological margin control. Aggressive histological forms (infiltrative, morpheiform, basosquamous) remain associated with an increased risk of local recurrence, confirming the relevance of older data [28, 29]. For low-risk superficial BCCs, non-surgical treatments (topical therapies, photodynamic therapy, or destructive techniques) may be considered. Management of complex or advanced forms must be discussed in a multidisciplinary team meeting (MDT) [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;SURGERY&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Surgery is the reference treatment for these BCC. Indeed, examination of the excision margins helps ensure that excision is a priori complete and therefore to limit the risk of recurrence in the medium and long term, which is becoming increasingly necessary because of the increasing life expectancy of the population [30]. Depending on the extent of the procedure to be performed, it ranges from simple outpatient excision with primary closure to excision requiring a plastic reconstruction procedure (flap or graft), sometimes in several stages, under general anesthesia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Excision margins&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Excision margins vary from a few millimeters to one centimeter, depending on the severity criteria defined above. The excision margins proposed by the French consensus conference are unchanged in the most recent guidelines [4, 5, 26] and are as follows :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; BCCs with a good prognosis, &#8220;easy to treat&#8221; (low-risk) : 3 to 4 mm ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; BCCs with a poor prognosis, &#8220;difficult to treat&#8221; (high-risk or locally advanced) : they vary from 5 mm for well-demarcated tumors to 10 mm or more for recurrent or morpheiform BCCs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In all cases, the deep margins are located in the subcutaneous fatty tissue, respecting the underlying structures unless they are invaded.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If the margins cannot be achieved immediately (presence of nearby critical structures), and/or if reconstruction is necessary, histological examination of the surgical specimen is essential before closure or reconstruction. This analysis may be performed either during the operation (frozen-section examination, Mohs technique) or after the procedure (two-stage surgery).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the event of incomplete excision, the guidelines converge toward additional management, especially if high-risk criteria are present : a new excision should be considered, ideally with complete Mohs-type margin control when available [4]. Recurrence rates in cases of incomplete excision are estimated at between 30 and 45% [4, 31] and a risk of transformation toward more aggressive forms has been shown [32]. Radiotherapy is a valid alternative when surgery is not possible. Simple surveillance is considered only in selected situations, typically small non-aggressive lesions of the trunk, or if the benefit/risk ratio of a new treatment is unfavorable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Surgical techniques&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Excision with primary closure&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For tumors referred to as &#8220;easy to treat,&#8221; outpatient excision with primary closure under local anesthesia is most often possible (more than 80% of BCCs). However, excision of larger tumors or tumors with a poor prognosis may require a reconstruction stage (graft, flap), and several surgical techniques are then possible. A meta-analysis of more than 16,000 operated BCCs showed that a 3-mm surgical margin was sufficient to obtain a 95% cure rate for non-morpheiform lesions &#8804; 2 cm [33]. In practice, for low-risk BCCs, excision with a 4-mm margin is preferred in France [26] when possible, reduced to 3 mm in difficult locations. Excision is performed down to the mid-subcutaneous adipose tissue, with histological assessment of the margins.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Positive margins are associated with a substantial risk of recurrence, estimated according to studies at 30-40% [34, 35], compared with 5.9% when margins are negative [36].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Excision with intraoperative frozen-section examination [37]&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It allows immediate closure or reconstruction. Intraoperative histological examination on frozen sections (&#8220;frozen-section examination&#8221;) allows immediate closure or reconstruction after tumor excision and helps reduce the recurrence rate compared with conventional surgery using probability-based margins [38]. However, this technique has several limitations : lower morphological quality than paraffin sections, often partial analysis of the margins, risk of false negatives, and the need for immediate availability of an experienced pathologist.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Recent European and British guidelines no longer consider conventional frozen-section examination to be the reference technique for margin control in high-risk BCCs. They favor either standard excision with deferred histological analysis on paraffin sections or, above all, micrographic surgery techniques with complete margin control [4, 5].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Delayed reconstruction (two-stage surgery)&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It allows histological examination and margin control on paraffin-fixed tissue before reconstruction. This technique is an alternative to frozen-section examination. Tissue morphology is better preserved on paraffin sections. In a first stage, the excised specimen is flattened and oriented, then paraffin gauze dressings are prescribed to the patient as an outpatient while awaiting the results of the histological analysis. Reconstruction is performed in a second stage. This technique is the most widely used in France for difficult cases because it is less costly and more available than Mohs surgery.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The analysis of the literature does not currently make it possible to assess the recurrence rate with this technique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Mohs surgery [39-41]&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This technique consists of excising the tumor with narrow margins, then performing horizontal re-excisions at the periphery, which are frozen and read intraoperatively. After removal of the visible tumor, thin additional sections of approximately 2 mm are taken over the entire surface of the tissue defect. Their small thickness allows analyze, on two-dimensional sections, all the tumor margins, both peripherally and deeply, and thus to control the entire three-dimensional extent of the operated area. If tumor cells persist in a specific area, the surgeon removes only an additional amount of tissue at that site ; the operation is repeated until clear margins are obtained. This technique is time-consuming and costly because it requires the presence of a pathologist throughout the procedure, as well as the presence of a trained surgeon. Its value is based on the near-complete examination of peripheral and deep margins, unlike standard excision, which assesses margins by partial vertical sections, explaining better control of recurrence risk and often smaller surgical defects.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mohs micrographic surgery is particularly useful in BCC when complete margin control is at stake while sparing healthy tissue as much as possible, particularly on the face and in critical functional or aesthetic areas. Comparative data show a benefit mainly for high-risk forms : in the randomized trial with 10 years of follow-up, cumulative recurrences were lower after Mohs than after standard excision, both for high-risk primary facial BCCs (4.4% vs 12.2%) and especially for recurrent BCCs (3.9% vs 13.5%, significant difference for recurrent tumors) [41]. A meta-analysis of 2,060 head and neck lesions also found a significant reduction in recurrence risk with Mohs for primary and recurrent BCCs, as well as an advantage in defect size, at the cost of higher cost and longer operative time [40]. In practice, the 2023 European guidelines place complete surgery as first-line treatment for BCC and indicate that micrographically controlled surgery should be proposed for high-risk BCCs, recurrent BCCs, or BCCs located on critical anatomical sites [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The choice of surgical technique in the treatment of BCC depends mainly on the risk of recurrence, the size of the tumor, its location, and the need to preserve healthy tissue. For simple, low-risk forms, excision with primary closure and appropriate margins remains an effective, accessible, and widely used solution. In contrast, more complex or recurrent tumors, or those located in aesthetically and functionally sensitive areas, require more precise control of surgical margins via frozen-section examination or two-stage surgery. In this context, Mohs micrographic surgery appears to be the most effective technique [42], particularly for high-risk basal cell carcinomas, because it reduces the recurrence rate while limiting the loss of healthy tissue. However, its cost, duration, and the need for a specialized team still limit its use.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thus, management adapted to the profile of each tumor remains essential in order to obtain the best balance between oncologic efficacy, functional outcome, and aesthetic outcome.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;RADIOTHERAPY&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Surgery with histological margin control remains the reference treatment for BCC, particularly for high-risk, recurrent forms or lesions located in critical areas. Radiotherapy is therefore not a first-line treatment in operable patients, but is a validated alternative in patients who are not candidates for surgery, who refuse surgery, or when surgery would be mutilating, functionally deleterious, or associated with a poor aesthetic outcome, particularly in elderly subjects and for certain facial locations such as the nose, lip, or eyelid [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The historical randomized trial comparing surgery and radiotherapy for facial BCCs remains in favor of surgery, with a 4-year recurrence rate of 0.7% after surgery versus 7.5% after radiotherapy, as well as better cosmetic outcomes after surgery. These data justify not considering radiotherapy as equivalent to surgery [7, 43]. However, more recent data qualify this assessment : a systematic review with network meta-analysis including 40 randomized trials and 5 non-randomized studies reported, for predominantly low-risk primary BCCs, estimated similar recurrence rates close between external beam radiotherapy, standard surgery, and Mohs surgery, respectively 3.5%, 3.8%, and 3.8%, with substantial uncertainty related to the indirect and heterogeneous nature of the comparisons [44]. The 2023 European guidelines thus consider radiotherapy to be a valid alternative to surgery in patients who are inoperable or refuse surgery [4]. Indications must be discussed on a case-by-case basis, ideally in an MDT meeting, taking into account tumor prognosis, location, size, depth of infiltration, general condition, comorbidities, patient preferences, surgical options, and medical expertise. It is recommended in selected high-risk situations, particularly in the event of positive margins after excision or Mohs surgery when repeat surgery is not possible, or in the event of extensive perineural involvement even with negative margins. Its benefit after complete excision with negative margins remains debated, especially after Mohs surgery, and the decision must be individualized in multidisciplinary consultation [7].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Radiotherapy should be avoided, or at the very least not routinely offered, in young patients, particularly before 60 years of age, because of possible late effects, trophic disorders, and the issues associated with the long-term aesthetic outcome. It should not be offered in cases of recurrent BCC after previous irradiation of the same site, or in patients with genetic syndromes predisposing to skin cancers, notably naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome or xeroderma pigmentosum. It is also not recommended in areas of poor vascularization, such as the lower limbs, or in cases of bone or cartilaginous invasion, situations that should lead to discussion of other options in an MDT meeting [5].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Radiotherapy may be performed by external beam radiotherapy or, more rarely, by brachytherapy in certain complex locations (for example cervicofacial sites). The technical modalities of radiotherapy must be defined by the radiation oncologist according to the location, tumor size, general condition, and anatomical constraints. The dermatologist must integrate into the therapeutic choice the risk of complications, particularly in cartilaginous or poorly vascularized areas, late trophic sequelae, difficulties of salvage surgery, and the risk (low but not negligible) of a second radiation-induced cancer, especially in young subjects [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In locally advanced, recurrent, or difficult-to-treat BCCs, radiotherapy must be integrated into a multidisciplinary strategy combining, depending on the case, surgery, radiotherapy, Hedgehog inhibitors, and second-line anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;CRYOSURGERY OR CRYOTHERAPY&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cryosurgery uses freezing to destroy tumor tissue. Cryosurgery, most often performed with liquid nitrogen in freeze-thaw cycles, is a destructive technique without histological margin control. It may be proposed as an alternative for primary, superficial, small, well-demarcated, low-risk BCCs, particularly when surgical excision is not desired or is not feasible. The 2023 European guidelines allow cryotherapy to be used for well-demarcated primary nodular BCCs outside high-risk areas, but this is rarely performed in clinical practice in France, where surgery remains the first choice.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is never indicated for high-risk, recurrent, poorly demarcated, infiltrative, morpheiform BCCs, or BCCs located in areas at risk of recurrence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Outcomes depend heavily on lesion selection, location, and operator experience. The 2023 European guidelines consider cryotherapy and curettage to be possible alternatives for small low-risk BCCs [4]. Recurrence rates reported after cryotherapy are heterogeneous, ranging from approximately 6% at 1 year to 39% at 2 years depending on the trials, while a network meta-analysis estimated a mean recurrence rate higher than after surgery [45]. Cosmetic outcomes are variable and often less favorable than those of photodynamic therapy, with a risk of permanent hypochromia that must be explained to the patient.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;OTHER TECHNIQUES&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Electrocoagulation-curettage&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is increasingly uncommon in France and is reserved for small tumors (&lt; 2 cm), well demarcated, without risk criteria. Results are highly operator-dependent and the learning curve is long. Reported 5-year recurrence rates are highly variable, from 3 to 20% in the European guidelines, and up to 1.2 to 40% in the NCCN synthesis depending on the selected populations [4, 7]. It may leave an unattractive scar and appears of limited interest compared with conventional excision with primary closure. The available data are currently insufficient to provide an informed opinion on such treatment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;laser&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The CO&#8322; laser, as well as other ablative lasers, has been proposed for low-risk superficial BCCs in the same way as cryotherapy [46]. However, the data remain limited, protocols are not standardized, and long-term follow-up is insufficient. The 2023 European guidelines conclude that evidence is insufficient to determine the efficacy of laser treatment in BCC [4], and the 2021 British guidelines also do not find sufficient evidence to recommend CO&#8322; laser [5]. This technique should therefore not be considered a standard option outside very selected situations or evaluation protocols.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Photodynamic therapy (see chapter on photodynamic therapy)&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Photodynamic therapy is a validated option for superficial BCCs and some low-risk nodular BCCs [4]. It generally provides a good aesthetic outcome, often superior to that of cryosurgery or conventional excision in comparative studies, but at the cost of inferior tumor control compared with surgery and a higher risk of recurrence. The 2023 European guidelines state that it should be used for low-risk superficial and nodular BCCs, while specifying that it is less effective than imiquimod 5% [4]. In France, this option is mainly considered for multiple superficial basal cell carcinomas located outside high-risk areas, particularly when application of imiquimod 5% appears difficult to perform because of lesion characteristics (location, margins difficult to individualize) or the patient profile, particularly in cases of difficulty understanding or adhering to instructions, as in some elderly subjects or patients with cognitive disorders.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Electrochemotherapy&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Electrochemotherapy combines the administration of bleomycin or cisplatin with brief, high-voltage electrical pulses, which transiently increase membrane permeability and the intracellular concentration of the cytotoxic agent. Unlike older French guidelines, which did not include it, the 2023 European guidelines consider it an option that may be proposed when surgery or radiotherapy are not feasible or are contraindicated, particularly in certain locally advanced or recurrent BCCs [4, 6]. European data report overall response and complete response rates of 96% and 85%, respectively [47] ; in the InspECT registry, a complete response after one session was observed in 81% of cases, with local recurrence/progression of 9.3% at 17 months [48]. In a randomized trial comparing electrochemotherapy and surgery, absence of recurrence at 5 years was 87.5% after electrochemotherapy versus 97.5% after surgery [49]. The technique therefore remains a fallback option, to be discussed in an MDT meeting, and not a first-line alternative to validated treatments for operable BCCs. It should be noted that this treatment often remains painful despite local anesthesia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;MEDICAL TREATMENTS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Medical treatments for BCCs have a limited role in common forms, where they mainly concern low-risk superficial BCCs, and a major role in locally advanced or metastatic forms not accessible to satisfactory local treatment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Chemotherapy&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Topical 5-fluouracil&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 5% is a topical treatment validated for superficial BCCs. It is generally applied twice daily for 3 to 6 weeks according to the European guidelines, or once or twice daily for 3 to 4 weeks according to the British guidelines [4, 5]. In the randomized trial comparing imiquimod, 5-FU and methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy (MAL-PDT), 5-FU was inferior to imiquimod but non-inferior to MAL-PDT for superficial BCCs [50]. At 5 years, tumor-free survival was 70.0% with 5-FU, compared with 80.5% with imiquimod and 62.7% with MAL-PDT. Adverse events are mainly local, similar to those observed with imiquimod : erythema, erosions, crusting, irritation, pruritus, and sometimes local infections. Historical intralesional forms or applications under occlusion should no longer be presented as a standard option.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It has no marketing authorization in France for the treatment of superficial BCCs. Its use in this indication is therefore an off-label prescription, to be discussed on a case-by-case basis, particularly for low-risk, histologically confirmed superficial BCCs, when validated or recommended treatments are not available or have failed. Given its low cost, availability and the experience of use in dermatology, it may constitute an alternative therapeutic option, provided the patient is informed of the off-label nature of the prescription, the application modalities, the expected local adverse effects and the need for clinical monitoring.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Systemic chemotherapy&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy now has only a marginal role. Available data are old and limited to case reports or small series, mainly in metastatic BCCs. Since the arrival of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors and then anti-PD-1 agents, it is rarely used. The European guidelines report that platinum-based chemotherapies have produced modest, often brief responses, with response rates generally around 20-30%, sometimes higher in isolated observations, but with response durations most often limited to a few months. It may exceptionally be discussed after failure or impossibility of Hedgehog inhibitors and anti-PD-1 agents [4, 5, 7].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Targeted therapies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The target is the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway, initially described in the fly Drosophila melanogaster as a major pathway in embryonic development, and which in humans plays an essential role in embryogenesis, morphogenesis, cell growth and the maintenance of certain adult tissues [51-55]. Its involvement in BCC was demonstrated from the genetic alterations observed in NBCCS (Gorlin-Goltz syndrome), in particular mutations in the PTCH1 tumor suppressor gene, but also through the identification of activating SMO mutations capable of inducing BCC independently of PTCH1 [51, 56-58]. These alterations lead to constitutive activation of SMO, resulting in permanent activation of the SHH pathway and uncontrolled tumor proliferation. This biological understanding enabled the development of pharmacological inhibitors targeting SMO : vismodegib and sonidegib [59-61]. No randomized trial has directly compared these two treatments. The available comparisons are therefore indirect and must be interpreted with caution, because the studies use different populations, assessment criteria and response measurement methods [62].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the ERIVANCE study, vismodegib 150 mg/day showed clinically relevant efficacy in locally advanced and metastatic BCCs. Independent assessment reported approximately 43% objective responses in locally advanced forms, including 21% complete responses, and 30% in metastatic forms, with a median duration of response of 7.6 months in both cohorts [61]. Sonidegib, evaluated in the BOLT study, is indicated in locally advanced BCCs. The available data suggest high objective response rates, with, in some analyses, an objective response of 60.6%, a complete response of approximately 21.2%, a partial response of 39.4% and a median progression-free survival of 22.1 months [60]. Indirect data suggest a duration of response and progression-free survival that may be favorable to sonidegib, but the absence of a direct comparison prevents any definitive conclusion regarding the superiority of one molecule over the other [62]. Other studies also report a possibly higher response rate with sonidegib, for an adverse-event profile broadly comparable to that of vismodegib [63, 64].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The tolerability profile of sonidegib (BOLT study) and vismodegib (ERIVANCE study) is broadly comparable, with adverse events (AEs) mainly of grades 1 or 2 related to inhibition of the Hedgehog pathway [62, 65, 66]. The most frequent AEs for both molecules include muscle spasms, alopecia and dysgeusia, often affecting long-term adherence. For sonidegib, elevations in creatine phosphokinase (CPK) are specific and require regular monitoring. Although most patients experience at least one AE, grade 3 and 4 events remain limited (approximately 43% for sonidegib at 42 months). Treatment discontinuation because of unacceptable toxicity concerns a notable proportion of patients (approximately 29% to 31% depending on the studies), underscoring the importance of pre-therapeutic patient education to improve tolerability and maintain the durable efficacy observed in locally advanced and metastatic forms.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Given the frequency of adverse events reported with Sonic Hedgehog inhibitors (SHH inhibitors), dose-reduction and treatment-interruption strategies have been studied and appear to be a viable strategy that helps manage adverse events without compromising the chances of tumor response [4, 65, 67].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;SMO inhibitors are today the reference systemic treatment for unresectable locally advanced BCCs or metastatic BCCs, when surgery or radiotherapy are not possible, are contraindicated or are refused [4, 5]. They are therefore integrated into the therapeutic strategy for advanced BCCs after multidisciplinary discussion, taking into account the operability of the tumor, the potential functional or aesthetic impact, comorbidities, the patient's wishes and the expected tolerability.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Retinoids&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The 2023 European guidelines are consistent with this : oral retinoids are mainly discussed for the prevention of squamous cell carcinomas in high-risk patients, but current data show low efficacy for the prevention of BCCs and do not support their use in BCC prevention, given the benefit/risk ratio [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Immunotherapy&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Interferon&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Interferon-alpha has been reported historically, particularly intralesionally or perilesionally in combination with surgery, but the available data are limited and of very low certainty. It is not recommended in the current management of BCCs, particularly locally advanced or metastatic forms, for which the validated systemic options are Hedgehog inhibitors followed, in second line, by anti-PD-1 immunotherapy [4, 5].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Imiquimod&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Imiquimod is an immunomodulatory molecule that induces cytokine synthesis (IFN) through its binding to Toll-like receptors, which are involved in the regulation of innate immunity. This topical treatment is marketed in France for the treatment of small superficial BCCs. It offers superior efficacy to PDT and 5-FU in superficial BCCs, but remains inferior to surgical excision, which remains the reference treatment. The proposed application schedule is once daily, 5 days per week for 6 weeks. The complete response rate is approximately 70% at 12 weeks. Aesthetic outcomes are favorable despite irritation, sometimes significant, during treatment application, which patients must be warned about. This treatment is indicated in motivated subjects who can be followed regularly [4, 5].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Checkpoint inhibitors&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The place of PD-1 inhibitors in the management of advanced BCCs has evolved in recent years. The first data with pembrolizumab, from an open-label proof-of-concept study conducted in 16 patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma, showed an objective response rate of 38% at 18 weeks, whether the treatment was administered alone or in combination with vismodegib [68]. However, the pembrolizumab-vismodegib combination did not suggest a clear additive benefit. Since then, the most robust data concern cemiplimab, an anti-PD-1 antibody evaluated in a multicenter, open-label, non-comparative phase II study in patients with locally advanced BCC after progression on, intolerance to or ineligibility for SHH inhibitors. In this study, 84 patients received cemiplimab 350 mg IV every 3 weeks, with an objective response rate of 31%, including 6% complete responses and 25% partial responses ; no treatment-related deaths were reported [69]. In the pivotal studies, in second line, cemiplimab produces a response in approximately one quarter to one third of patients, with consistent results between clinical trial and real-world data, and responses that may be durable in responders [69-71]. Its tolerability profile is broadly acceptable, but it exposes patients to the immune-mediated adverse events specific to anti-PD-1 agents.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Updated European guidelines now position anti-PD-1 agents as second-line treatment for locally advanced or metastatic BCCs in cases of progression, contraindication or intolerance to Hedgehog inhibitors. Among anti-PD-1 agents, cemiplimab, approved by the FDA and EMA in 2021, currently represents the reference anti-PD-1 agent in this indication [4, 5, 30] and is indicated after failure or impossibility of treatment with SHH inhibitors.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Recent data suggest that it could have an earlier role, or even a first-line role in certain patients, but this place remains to be confirmed by dedicated studies [71]. There is currently no marketing authorization or reimbursement in France for such treatments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;INDICATIONS&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NB : at the time this chapter was updated, the French guidelines were being updated with the Dermatology Evidence Center of the French Society of Dermatology. They should be available and published in 2027-2028.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We based the update of this chapter on the European EADO guidelines.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;They depend on the risk of recurrence, distinguished in the new EADO clinical classification between BCCs that are &#8220;easy to treat&#8221; (common) and BCCs that are &#8220;difficult to treat&#8221;. This classification of BCCs is part of a continuum, taking into account tumor, anatomical and patient-related characteristics (Figure 1).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;COMMON BCCs, REFERRED TO AS&#034;EASY TO TREAT&#034;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The reference treatment for common BCCs, referred to as &#8220;easy to treat&#8221;, is complete surgical excision with histological control. They correspond to EADO stage I (Figure 1). For low-risk BCCs, a safety margin of 3 to 4 mm is recommended during standard excision with 2D histological analysis. In the event of incomplete excision, particularly for high-risk lesions or when the deep margin is involved, repeat surgery must be proposed. Conversely, if the margins are histologically clear, repeat surgery is not necessary. For low-risk superficial or nodular BCCs, particularly when surgery is contraindicated, refused or poorly suited, alternatives may be discussed : imiquimod 5%, 5-fluorouracil 5% for superficial BCCs, photodynamic therapy for low-risk superficial and nodular BCCs, or destructive treatments such as curettage-electrocoagulation or cryotherapy for small low-risk lesions. These techniques must nevertheless be avoided when deep extension, the risk of subclinical extension or the risk of recurrence is substantial, because they do not always allow complete histological control.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;ADVANCED CBCs REFERRED TO AS &#034;DIFFICULT TO TREAT&#034; - NON-ADVANCED&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These are common BCCs complicated by : (1) difficulty preserving function or aesthetics related to size or location (eyes, nose, lips, ears), (2) poorly defined margins associated with the infiltrative subtype (morpheiform, trabecular or micronodular) or with recurrence, (3) multiple facial recurrences often requiring wider excision, (4) previous radiotherapy, (5) the patient's refusal to accept the surgical consequences, or (6) comorbidities limiting surgery [4]. If a single factor prevents simple, safe and optimal treatment, the BCC may fall into the difficult-to-treat category [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Initial treatment is based on surgical excision with a 5 mm margin for well-demarcated tumors and up to 10 mm or more for certain morpheiform, trabecular or recurrent BCCs. Surgery with frozen-section examination or two-stage surgery is generally necessary. It is in this indication that Mohs surgery may be considered. For patients in very poor general condition, radiotherapy may be proposed from the outset, within the framework of a multidisciplinary consultation, if the tumor is outside risk areas and is not of the morpheiform or trabecular type. Management must be individualized, taking into account the risk of recurrence, the expected functional and aesthetic outcome, and the patient's general condition.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;ADVANCED CBCs REFERRED TO AS &#034;DIFFICULT TO TREAT&#034; - ADVANCED&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Advanced or difficult-to-treat BCCs include locally advanced, highly destructive, recurrent, deeply infiltrating BCCs, BCCs located in critical areas, or more rarely metastatic BCCs. They correspond to EADO stage III (Figure 1). The European guidelines emphasize the need for discussion in a multidisciplinary tumor board to assess the possibility of surgery, radiotherapy or systemic treatment. When surgery remains possible, it should be preferred, with histological margin control, potentially by micrographic surgery or multistage surgery. When surgery is not curative, is too mutilating or is contraindicated, radiotherapy may represent an alternative, particularly in elderly or inoperable patients.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For locally advanced or metastatic BCCs (stage IV of the EADO classification) not amenable to curative local treatment, first-line systemic treatment is based on Hedgehog pathway inhibitors (SHH inhibitors), mainly vismodegib or sonidegib. In the event of progression, intolerance or contraindication to Hedgehog inhibitors, anti-PD-1 immunotherapy with cemiplimab may be proposed as second-line treatment. The 2023 European guidelines therefore place cemiplimab after failure of Hedgehog inhibitors [4]. It should be noted that there is currently no marketing authorization or reimbursement in France.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the event of successive failure of SHH inhibitors and anti-PD-1, options become limited. Chemotherapy, often platinum-salt based, may be discussed, but the guidelines recall that the data are mainly based on case reports or small series, with generally short responses. Inclusion in a clinical trial should therefore be preferred when possible. Electrochemotherapy may also be considered when surgery or radiotherapy are not feasible or are contraindicated. Finally, in symptomatic patients with locally advanced or metastatic BCC, supportive care must be integrated early into management.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;RECURRENT BCCs&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Local recurrences are considered high-risk lesions, especially if located in a critical area of the face or if they have poorly defined margins or an aggressive histological subtype. Recurrence should ideally be confirmed histologically, particularly after surgery, topical treatment or destructive treatment, in order to specify the subtype and risk factors. The reference treatment remains surgery, but with more rigorous margin control. Two-stage surgery or Mohs surgery with complete 3D histological margin control must be proposed for recurrent BCCs. If standard excision is performed, a margin of at least 5 mm is recommended when anatomically possible. Destructive or topical treatments should be avoided in most recurrences, because they do not allow reliable histological margin control. Radiotherapy will only be considered if the patient is unsuitable for surgery.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For very locally advanced and inoperable forms and metastatic recurrences, management must be discussed in a multidisciplinary tumor board. The objective is to assess the feasibility of curative local treatment : specialized surgery, radiotherapy or a combination of both. If no curative local treatment is possible, the guidelines propose systemic treatment. SHH inhibitors (vismodegib or sonidegib) constitute the reference systemic treatment. In the event of progression, intolerance or contraindication to these treatments, immunotherapy with cemiplimab is indicated as second-line treatment. Electrochemotherapy or supportive care may be discussed depending on the clinical situation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;PREVENTIVE TREATMENT AND FOLLOW-UP&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;After treatment of a BCC, prevention is based above all on photoprotection and therefore on educating the patient to reduce UV exposure, the main risk factor : avoiding sunburn, seeking shade, wearing covering clothing, using appropriate photoprotection and prohibiting tanning booths. Patients must also be informed of the increased risk of developing new skin cancers, which justifies regular self-monitoring of the skin and the scar.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Medical follow-up is adapted to the level of risk : for low-risk BCCs treated in accordance with the guidelines, a follow-up consultation may be sufficient to explain the diagnosis, recall photoprotection measures and teach warning signs ; conversely, prolonged follow-up is recommended in patients at high risk of recurrence, who have already had a recurrent BCC, multiple BCCs, immunosuppression or Gorlin-Goltz syndrome. In these situations, an annual dermatological check-up for 3 to 5 years, or even for life, is proposed, while difficult-to-treat or advanced BCCs require individualized follow-up discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting.The aim of these regular check-ups is both to detect recurrence and identify any new lesions : the 5-year recurrence rate is considered to be 30 to 45 percent [33] and then becomes proportional to the number of lesions treated.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For patients with NBCCS, an annual skin examination is proposed from childhood or adulthood depending on the genetic variant, then follow-up every 4 to 6 months after the first BCC [4]. For patients with other genodermatoses predisposing to the occurrence of multiple BCCs (xeroderma pigmentosum, Bazex-Dupre-Christol syndrome, oculocutaneous albinism, Muir-Torre syndrome), the guidelines simply mention close dermatological surveillance.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nicotinamide may be discussed in certain high-risk patients who have already had several skin cancers, but is not generally recommended [72].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURES&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dr Boileau declares only a hospitality-related interest for participation in congresses from SUNPHARMA. No conflicts of interest for Dr Pace.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table border=&#034;1&#034; cellpadding=&#034;1&#034; cellspacing=&#034;1&#034; class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;table1&#034; style=&#034;width:500px;&#034;&gt; &lt;caption&gt;Table 1 Clinical and pathological criteria defined by the NCCN (2024) : Schmults et al., 2023 - Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network [7]&lt;/caption&gt; &lt;thead&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope=&#034;col&#034;&gt;LOW RISK&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th scope=&#034;col&#034;&gt;HIGH RISK&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style=&#034;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&#034;&gt; &lt;p&gt;Location / Size :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;- Zone L : trunk and limbs &lt; 20 mm&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;- Zone M &lt; 10 mm&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style=&#034;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&#034;&gt; &lt;p&gt;Location / Size :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;- Zone H &lt;u&gt;&gt;&lt;/u&gt; 6 mm&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;- Zone M &lt;u&gt;&gt;&lt;/u&gt; 10 mm&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;- Zone L &lt;u&gt;&gt;&lt;/u&gt; 20 mm&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;Clinical borders : well defined&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Clinical borders : poorly defined&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;Histological type : nodular or superficial&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Histological type : agressive (micronodular, infiltrative, morpheiform, basosquamous)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;Tumor status : primary&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Tumor status : recurrent&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;No immunosuppression&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Immunosuppression&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;No history of local radiotherapy&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;History of local radiotherapy&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;No perineural invasion&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Presence of perineural invasion&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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		<title>Carcinomes basocellulaires</title>
		<link>https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1411</link>
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		<dc:date>2026-06-09T08:07:06Z</dc:date>
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		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>PACE M. &amp; BOILEAU M.</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;CARCINOME BASOCELLULAIRE : LA MALADIE &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Le carcinome basocellulaire est le plus fr&#233;quent des cancers cutan&#233;s. En France son incidence est de l'ordre de 180 nouveaux cas pour 100 000 habitants et par an. Il survient en g&#233;n&#233;ral apr&#232;s 50 ans et se localise pr&#233;f&#233;rentiellement sur les zones photo expos&#233;es comme le visage. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Les facteurs de risque de d&#233;velopper un CBC sont li&#233;s &#224; des facteurs propres au malade et &#224; des facteurs externes. Le principal risque propre au malade est la couleur de sa (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?rubrique1" rel="directory"&gt;Maladies&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;h2&gt;CARCINOME BASOCELLULAIRE : LA MALADIE&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p align=&#034;left&#034;&gt;Le carcinome basocellulaire est le plus fr&#233;quent des cancers cutan&#233;s. En France son incidence est de l'ordre de 180 nouveaux cas pour 100 000 habitants et par an. Il survient en g&#233;n&#233;ral apr&#232;s 50 ans et se localise pr&#233;f&#233;rentiellement sur les zones photo expos&#233;es comme le visage.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les facteurs de risque de d&#233;velopper un CBC sont li&#233;s &#224; des facteurs propres au malade et &#224; des facteurs externes. Le principal risque propre au malade est la couleur de sa peau, de ses yeux et de ses cheveux et sa capacit&#233; &#224; bronzer. Le risque est maximum chez les sujets &#224; peau, yeux et cheveux clairs et incapables de bronzer. Les facteurs externes sont essentiellement l'irradiation solaire, les expositions brutales et r&#233;p&#233;t&#233;es &#233;tant le facteur de risque principal. Certaines maladies g&#233;n&#233;tiques rares se manifestent par des CBC multiples : c'est par exemple le cas du syndrome de Gorlin et du Xeroderma Pigmentosum. Ces affections n&#233;cessitent une prise en charge dans des centres tr&#232;s sp&#233;cialis&#233;s compte tenu de leur raret&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&#034;left&#034;&gt;Il existe plusieurs types cliniques de CBC :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; Les CBC superficiels qui si&#232;gent surtout sur le tronc et les membres se pr&#233;sentent sous formes de plaques rouges et squameuses &#224; p&#233;riph&#233;rie parfois l&#233;g&#232;rement sur&#233;lev&#233;e.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; Les CBC nodulaires, les plus fr&#233;quents, si&#232;gent surtout sur la face et se manifestent par un nodule plus ou moins translucide et parcouru de vaisseaux dilat&#233;s visibles &#224; l'&#339;il nu.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; Les CBC scl&#233;rodermiformes, ressemblent &#224; une cicatrice blanch&#226;tre et sont souvent tr&#232;s mal limit&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Toutes ces formes peuvent se pigmenter ou s'ulc&#233;rer au cours de leur &#233;volution.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&#034;left&#034;&gt;Il existe un aspect sp&#233;cifique histologique pour ces diff&#233;rentes formes auxquelles il convient d'ajouter des formes micronodulaires et infiltrantes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p align=&#034;left&#034;&gt;L'&#233;volution des CBC est lente. Le risque de m&#233;tastase est quasiment nul mais les formes n&#233;glig&#233;es peuvent s'&#233;tendre et s'infiltrer en profondeur, pouvant entrainer des douleurs par compression et des h&#233;morragies. Une fois trait&#233;, un malade atteint de CBC a un risque de r&#233;cidive d'autant plus important que les facteurs pronostiques sont p&#233;joratifs et que la maladie a &#233;t&#233; prise en charge tardivement. De plus, un malade ayant eu un CBC a un risque accru de faire un autre cancer cutan&#233; au cours de sa vie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Selon le type clinique et histologique mais aussi selon la taille et la localisation de la tumeur, la conf&#233;rence de consensus fran&#231;aise de 2004 reconnait trois groupes de pronostics diff&#233;rents en termes de risque de r&#233;cidive. La connaissance de ces groupes pronostiques est importante pour d&#233;cider du choix th&#233;rapeutique. Une biopsie de la l&#233;sion est le plus souvent r&#233;alis&#233;e afin de confirmer le diagnostic et de pr&#233;ciser le type histologique de la tumeur, guidant ainsi le geste chirurgical.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;LES TRAITEMENTS&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La prise en charge des carcinomes basocellulaires repose sur une stratification du risque de r&#233;cidive distinguant les CBC faciles &#224; traiter des CBC difficiles &#224; traiter. Cette classification s'appuie sur les facteurs intrins&#232;ques de la tumeur et les comorbidit&#233;s du patient.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;LA CHIRURGIE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le traitement de premi&#232;re intention est toujours la chirurgie. Globalement elle permet des taux de gu&#233;rison compl&#232;te sup&#233;rieure &#224; 95%. Elle se fait dans la majorit&#233; des cas sous anesth&#233;sie locale en un temps mais dans des formes &#233;tendues ou dans des zones p&#233;ri orificielles du visage, elle peut n&#233;cessiter plusieurs temps op&#233;ratoires afin d'&#234;tre certain du caract&#232;re complet de la r&#233;section. Les marges de tissu sain &#224; pr&#233;lever autour de la tumeur lors de l'intervention varient selon le groupe &#224; risque du CBC. Elles sont de 3 &#224; 4 mm dans les formes de bon pronostic mais peuvent atteindre 1 cm dans les formes de mauvais pronostic.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;LES TRAITEMENTS LOCAUX&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans les formes superficielles, des traitements locaux comme l'imiquimod, le 5 fluoro-uracile ou la photo th&#233;rapie dynamique peuvent &#234;tre propos&#233;s. Cependant, il s'agit de techniques aveugles qui ne permettent pas d'&#234;tre certains que la tumeur est totalement &#233;radiqu&#233;e. Ces techniques justifient donc un suivi renforc&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;LA CRYOCHIRURGIE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Elle consiste &#224; d&#233;truire la tumeur par cong&#233;lation. Elle donne de bons r&#233;sultats dans les formes superficielles ou nodulaires de petite taille. Elle se pratique sous anesth&#233;sie locale et n&#233;cessite des soins locaux apr&#232;s traitement pendant environ un mois.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;LA RADIOTH&#201;RAPIE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;C'est un traitement de seconde intention &#224; r&#233;server aux formes inop&#233;rables ou r&#233;cidivantes. Elle donne de bons r&#233;sultats curatifs. Elle est contre indiqu&#233;e en cas de maladie g&#233;n&#233;tique et dans les formes scl&#233;rodermiformes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;LES TRAITEMENTS PAR VOIES G&#201;N&#201;RALES&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p align=&#034;left&#034;&gt;Les traitements syst&#233;miques sont r&#233;serv&#233;s aux formes localement avanc&#233;es, inop&#233;rables, tr&#232;s &#233;volu&#233;es, multir&#233;cidivantes ou, plus rarement, m&#233;tastatiques. La prise en charge doit alors &#234;tre discut&#233;e en r&#233;union de concertation pluridisciplinaire (RCP).&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Les inhibiteurs de la voie Hedgehog, vismodegib et sonidegib, sont les traitements de r&#233;f&#233;rence des CBC localement avanc&#233;s ou m&#233;tastatiques lorsque la chirurgie ou la radioth&#233;rapie ne permettent pas une prise en charge curative. Ils peuvent entra&#238;ner des effets ind&#233;sirables fr&#233;quents, notamment crampes musculaires, perte du go&#251;t, perte d'app&#233;tit, amaigrissement, alop&#233;cie et fatigue. Ils sont t&#233;ratog&#232;nes, ce qui impose une pr&#233;vention stricte de la grossesse.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
L'immunoth&#233;rapie anti-PD1, notamment cemiplimab, est d&#233;sormais une option de deuxi&#232;me ligne chez les patients pr&#233;sentant une progression, une contre-indication ou une intol&#233;rance aux inhibiteurs de Hedgehog. Cette mise &#224; jour est importante : l'immunoth&#233;rapie n'est plus seulement &#233;valu&#233;e dans des essais, elle fait partie des options th&#233;rapeutiques recommand&#233;es dans ces situations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;LA PR&#201;VENTION ET LE SUIVI&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Titretableau&#034; align=&#034;left&#034;&gt;La pr&#233;vention primaire repose sur l'&#233;viction solaire adapt&#233;e au phototype du patient.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le suivi d'un malade ayant eu un CBC est un suivi purement clinique, au moins une fois par an pendant 3 ans voire tout au long de la vie pour les patients &#224; haut risque. Cette surveillance a pour but de d&#233;pister une r&#233;cidive et de rechercher un &#233;ventuel nouveau cancer cutan&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;LIEN UTILE&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://dermato-info.fr/les-maladies-de-la-peau/carcinomes-basocellulaires&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://dermato-info.fr/les-maladies-de-la-peau/carcinomes-basocellulaires&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;h2&gt;D&#201;FINITIONS&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le carcinome basocellulaire (CBC) ou &#233;pith&#233;lioma basocellulaire, est le cancer cutan&#233; le plus fr&#233;quent. &#192; l'&#233;chelle mondiale, l'incidence du CBC chez les personnes de plus de 55 ans a connu une forte progression &#224; partir des ann&#233;es 1990, suivie d'une phase de stabilisation depuis le milieu des ann&#233;es 2000. Cette pathologie concerne principalement les pays occidentaux, notamment l'Am&#233;rique du Nord et l'Europe de l'Ouest, et affecte plus fr&#233;quemment les hommes [1]. En Europe, le CBC repr&#233;sente environ 86% des cancers cutan&#233;s non m&#233;lanocytaires. Si une l&#233;g&#232;re diminution globale de l'incidence est observ&#233;e, certaines populations, en particulier les adultes de moins de 45 ans en Europe du Nord et centrale, pr&#233;sentent une recrudescence r&#233;cente, probablement li&#233;e &#224; une exposition solaire accrue et &#224; l'essor du bronzage [2]. En France, malgr&#233; des donn&#233;es limit&#233;es &#224; deux registres r&#233;gionaux, l'incidence augmente nettement depuis les ann&#233;es 1980, atteignant environ 180 cas pour 100&#8239;000 personnes-ann&#233;es entre 2014 et 2019, avec un ralentissement de cette progression apr&#232;s 2000, possiblement en lien avec les actions de pr&#233;vention et l'&#233;volution des pratiques diagnostiques [3]. Le CBC touche majoritairement les personnes &#226;g&#233;es, avec une incidence marqu&#233;e apr&#232;s 60 ans et une pr&#233;dominance masculine &#224; ces &#226;ges, tandis que les femmes sont proportionnellement plus concern&#233;es avant 50 ans, ce qui pourrait refl&#233;ter un recours plus fr&#233;quent au bronzage artificiel. Globalement, malgr&#233; d'importantes disparit&#233;s g&#233;ographiques, l'augmentation du CBC demeure soutenue, port&#233;e par le vieillissement de la population, l'exposition cumulative aux ultraviolets et l'am&#233;lioration du d&#233;pistage.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le CBC se d&#233;veloppe classiquement de novo. Il se d&#233;veloppe aux d&#233;pens du tissu &#233;pidermique et plus pr&#233;cis&#233;ment des k&#233;ratinocytes. C'est une tumeur maligne &#233;pith&#233;liale cutan&#233;e d'&#233;volution lente, avec un faible potentiel m&#233;tastatique et d'&#233;volution principalement locale. Il y a trois formes cliniques principales : superficielle, nodulaire et scl&#233;rodermiforme, chacune ayant une localisation et un aspect caract&#233;ristiques. Les CBC ne surviennent g&#233;n&#233;ralement pas sur les paumes, les plantes ni les muqueuses, car ces zones sont d&#233;pourvues d'unit&#233;s pilo-s&#233;bac&#233;es, tandis que les localisations vulvaires ou scrotales restent exceptionnelles.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le diagnostic du CBC repose avant tout sur la suspicion clinique, devant une l&#233;sion &#233;vocatrice, mais la preuve histologique reste n&#233;cessaire pour affirmer formellement le diagnostic, notamment par biopsie incisionnelle ou au punch avec pr&#233;l&#232;vement suffisamment profond pour rechercher une &#233;ventuelle composante infiltrante et pr&#233;ciser le sous-type histologique. Dans certaines situations tr&#232;s typiques, sans crit&#232;re de mauvais pronostic et lorsque le traitement pr&#233;vu est une ex&#233;r&#232;se chirurgicale non d&#233;labrante, une ex&#233;r&#232;se d'embl&#233;e peut &#234;tre r&#233;alis&#233;e, la confirmation histologique &#233;tant alors obtenue sur la pi&#232;ce op&#233;ratoire. La dermoscopie constitue une aide diagnostique majeure, am&#233;liorant la sensibilit&#233; et la sp&#233;cificit&#233; par rapport &#224; l'examen clinique seul, tandis que les techniques d'imagerie non invasives comme la microscopie confocale en r&#233;flectance, l'OCT ou la LC-OCT peuvent compl&#233;ter l'&#233;valuation, en particulier pour les l&#233;sions &#233;quivoques, l'estimation du sous-type, de la profondeur tumorale et des marges [4-7].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les diagnostics diff&#233;rentiels du CBC varient selon le sous-type clinique et histologique : les formes superficielles peuvent mimer une maladie de Bowen, une k&#233;ratose s&#233;borrh&#233;ique, une k&#233;ratose actinique atypique ou une dermatite &#233;ryth&#233;matosquameuse, les formes nodulaires (notamment pigment&#233;es) doivent &#234;tre distingu&#233;es des l&#233;sions m&#233;lanocytaires, tandis que les formes scl&#233;rodermiformes peuvent &#233;voquer des tumeurs annexielles, une morph&#233;e ou une cicatrice. Le recours &#224; la corr&#233;lation clinico-dermoscopique, &#224; l'histologie et parfois &#224; l'immunohistochimie permettant de lever le doute diagnostique [8].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le facteur &#233;tiologique majeur est l'exposition solaire expliquant que 80 p. 100 des CBC surviennent sur les zones d&#233;couvertes, et essentiellement sur la t&#234;te et le cou [9]. Le CBC est principalement associ&#233; &#224; des expositions solaires intermittentes et r&#233;cr&#233;ationnelles [10, 11], bien que l'exposition chronique cumulative jour &#233;galement un r&#244;le dans la survenue des CBC notamment au niveau de la t&#234;te et du cou [12]. Les CBC peuvent &#233;galement survenir apr&#232;s radioth&#233;rapie [13], l'exposition &#224; des substances chimiques comme l'arsenic [14], les pesticides [15] ou le radon [16]. On peut &#233;galement noter comme facteurs de risque la iatrog&#233;nie notamment via les m&#233;dicaments photosensibilisants [17, 18], les anti-rejets chez les patients greff&#233;s [19, 20] ou encore une exposition cumul&#233;e aux &#339;strog&#232;nes [21, 22]. Les patients immunod&#233;prim&#233;s sont &#233;galement plus &#224; risque plus important de d&#233;velopper un CBC [23].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le changement climatique accro&#238;t aussi le risque li&#233; aux UV en prolongeant leur exposition (&#233;t&#233;s plus longs, temp&#233;ratures favorisant les&lt;br /&gt;
activit&#233;s ext&#233;rieures) et en augmentant leur intensit&#233; via des modifications atmosph&#233;riques, tandis que la pollution en potentialise les effets d&#233;l&#233;t&#232;res sur la peau par stress oxydatif, amplifiant les dommages ADN et la carcinogen&#232;se [24].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il existe des donn&#233;es &#233;mergentes sur le microbiote cutan&#233; qui pourrait avoir un possible effet protecteur contre certains cancers cutan&#233;s, y compris le CBC [25].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Enfin, certaines affections g&#233;n&#233;tiques pr&#233;disposent au d&#233;veloppement des CBC par exemple : le Xeroderma Pigmentosum, maladie li&#233;e &#224; un d&#233;ficit autosomique r&#233;cessif de la r&#233;paration de l'ADN, et la naevomatose basocellulaire ou syndrome de Gorlin li&#233; &#224; des mutations de la voie de signalisation Sonic-Hedghog. Ces deux g&#233;nodermatoses font chacune l'objet d'un chapitre particulier.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il existe une grande h&#233;t&#233;rog&#233;n&#233;it&#233; dans les CBC. Historiquement, plusieurs classifications anatomocliniques ont &#233;t&#233; propos&#233;es, fond&#233;es sur l'agressivit&#233; &#233;volutive des tumeurs. Toutefois, les classifications r&#233;centes tendent &#224; &#233;voluer vers une &lt;strong&gt;stratification pragmatique du risque et de la complexit&#233; th&#233;rapeutique&lt;/strong&gt;, plut&#244;t qu'une simple cat&#233;gorisation morphologique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La conf&#233;rence de consensus fran&#231;aise de 2004 [26] distinguait des sous-types cliniques (nodulaire, superficiel, scl&#233;rodermiforme) et histologiques (nodulaire, superficiel, infiltrant incluant le micronodulaire, scl&#233;rodermiforme). Ces classifications restent globalement valides sur le plan descriptif, mais sont aujourd'hui compl&#233;t&#233;es par des approches plus globales.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En effet, les recommandations europ&#233;ennes r&#233;centes proposent d&#233;sormais une classification clinique distinguant les CBC &#171; faciles &#224; traiter &#187; (low-risk) et &#171; difficiles &#224; traiter &#187; (high-risk ou locally advanced), fond&#233;e sur une stratification multifactorielle incluant [4] :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;le &lt;strong&gt;type histologique&lt;/strong&gt; (formes agressives vs indolentes : dans les formes histologiques mixtes, il est toujours recommand&#233; de retenir le sous-type le plus agressif pour orienter la prise en charge.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;la &lt;strong&gt;localisation anatomique&lt;/strong&gt; (zones &#224; haut risque comme la zone centro-faciale),&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;la &lt;strong&gt;taille tumorale&lt;/strong&gt;,&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;le &lt;strong&gt;caract&#232;re primitif ou r&#233;cidivant&lt;/strong&gt;,&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;ainsi que des &lt;strong&gt;facteurs li&#233;s au patient&lt;/strong&gt; (&#226;ge, comorbidit&#233;s, faisabilit&#233; th&#233;rapeutique)(5).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les recommandations r&#233;centes confirment l'importance de la localisation :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;Zones &#224; &lt;strong&gt;haut risque&lt;/strong&gt; : r&#233;gion centro-faciale (&#171; zone H &#187;), zones p&#233;ri-orificielles ;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;Zones &#224; &lt;strong&gt;risque interm&#233;diaire&lt;/strong&gt; : reste de la face, cuir chevelu, cou ;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;Zones &#224; &lt;strong&gt;faible risque&lt;/strong&gt; : tronc et membres.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La taille tumorale reste un facteur pronostic important, avec un seuil plus faible dans les zones &#224; haut risque, ce qui est coh&#233;rent avec les classifications ant&#233;rieures.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le tableau 1 pr&#233;sente la stratification du risque de r&#233;currence des CBC localis&#233;s selon les crit&#232;res cliniques et pathologiques d&#233;finis par le NCCN (2024) [7].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette &#233;volution traduit la volont&#233; d'aligner la classification sur les choix th&#233;rapeutiques. Dans cette optique, la stratification propos&#233;e par l'EADO (European Association of Dermato-Oncology) distingue les CBC selon la complexit&#233; attendue de leur prise en charge, allant du stade I (l&#233;sions simples) au stade IV (formes m&#233;tastatiques) (cf Figure 1). Cette approche prend en compte des &#233;l&#233;ments tels que la difficult&#233; technique, le caract&#232;re agressif de la tumeur, ainsi que le nombre et la taille des l&#233;sions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CBC de prise en charge simple&lt;/strong&gt; : ils repr&#233;sentent environ 90 % des cas. Leur risque de r&#233;cidive est faible et ils peuvent g&#233;n&#233;ralement &#234;tre trait&#233;s par une chirurgie conventionnelle.&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CBC de prise en charge complexe&lt;/strong&gt; : ils concernent notamment les tumeurs situ&#233;es dans des zones anatomiques sensibles (autour des orifices), les formes multiples ou r&#233;cidivantes, les l&#233;sions aux contours mal d&#233;finis, ainsi que les situations o&#249; des comorbidit&#233;s compliquent l'intervention chirurgicale. S'ajoutent &#233;galement les cas avec ant&#233;c&#233;dent de radioth&#233;rapie dans la zone concern&#233;e ou lorsque le patient refuse la chirurgie. Ces formes pr&#233;sentent un risque plus &#233;lev&#233; de r&#233;cidive et justifient une prise en charge sp&#233;cialis&#233;e.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ainsi, la classification pronostique en trois groupes propos&#233;e par la conf&#233;rence de consensus fran&#231;aise [26] (bon, interm&#233;diaire, mauvais pronostic) conserve une valeur p&#233;dagogique, mais est aujourd'hui remplac&#233;e dans la pratique par une stratification en bas risque vs haut risque, plus directement utile pour guider la strat&#233;gie th&#233;rapeutique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Malgr&#233; ces diff&#233;rences d'agressivit&#233; locale, les CBC pr&#233;sentent une tr&#232;s faible capacit&#233; m&#233;tastatique (&lt; 1%), mais peuvent &#233;voluer vers des formes localement avanc&#233;es et destructrices en l'absence de traitement [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les objectifs du traitement restent une efficacit&#233; carcinologique optimale, associ&#233;e &#224; un r&#233;sultat esth&#233;tique et fonctionnel satisfaisant, ainsi qu'&#224; un confort maximal pour le patient. La comparaison des diff&#233;rentes modalit&#233;s th&#233;rapeutiques demeure difficile sans standardisation rigoureuse des crit&#232;res d'&#233;valuation et des dur&#233;es de suivi.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Concernant les r&#233;cidives, les donn&#233;es historiques [27] restent globalement valides : elles surviennent majoritairement dans les premi&#232;res ann&#233;es suivant le traitement. Les recommandations actuelles insistent sur la n&#233;cessit&#233; d'un suivi prolong&#233;, en particulier pour les formes &#224; haut risque ou multiples ou r&#233;cidivants, conform&#233;ment aux recommandations europ&#233;ennes actuelles [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;TRAITEMENTS DISPONIBLES&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La d&#233;cision th&#233;rapeutique doit reposer sur une confirmation histologique pr&#233;alable, en particulier en cas de doute diagnostique ou de l&#233;sions &#224; risque. Une ex&#233;r&#232;se d'embl&#233;e d'un CBC sans confirmation histologique pr&#233;alable est possible lorsque le diagnostic clinique est typique (aid&#233; par la dermoscopie), que le traitement chirurgical est peu d&#233;labrant avec des marges de 3 &#224; 4 mm permettant une analyse histologique secondaire, et en l'absence de crit&#232;res de mauvais pronostic clinique [5, 26]. Le traitement de premi&#232;re intention des CBC repose sur une ex&#233;r&#232;se chirurgicale compl&#232;te, permettant un contr&#244;le histologique des marges. Les formes histologiques agressives (infiltrantes, scl&#233;rodermiformes, basosquameuses) restent associ&#233;es &#224; un risque accru de r&#233;cidive locale, ce qui confirme la pertinence des donn&#233;es plus anciennes [28, 29]. Pour les CBC superficiels de faible risque, des traitements non chirurgicaux (th&#233;rapies topiques, phototh&#233;rapie dynamique ou techniques destructrices) peuvent &#234;tre envisag&#233;s. La prise en charge des formes complexes ou avanc&#233;es doit &#234;tre discut&#233;e en r&#233;union de concertation pluridisciplinaire (RCP) [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;CHIRURGIE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;La chirurgie est le traitement de r&#233;f&#233;rence de ces carcinomes basocellulaires.&lt;/em&gt; En effet, l'examen des marges d'ex&#233;r&#232;se permet de s'assurer de son caract&#232;re a priori complet et donc de limiter le risque de r&#233;cidive &#224; moyen et long terme, ce qui devient de plus en plus n&#233;cessaire du fait de l'augmentation de la dur&#233;e de vie de la population [30]. Selon l'importance du geste &#224; r&#233;aliser, elle va de la simple ex&#233;r&#232;se suture en ambulatoire &#224; une ex&#233;r&#232;se n&#233;cessitant un geste de reconstruction plastique (lambeau ou greffe), parfois en plusieurs temps, sous anesth&#233;sie g&#233;n&#233;rale.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Les marges d'ex&#233;r&#232;se&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les marges d'ex&#233;r&#232;se varient de quelques millim&#232;tres &#224; un centim&#232;tre, en fonction des crit&#232;res de gravit&#233; d&#233;finis plus haut. Les marges d'ex&#233;r&#232;se propos&#233;es par la conf&#233;rence de consensus fran&#231;aise sont inchang&#233;es dans les recommandations les plus r&#233;centes [4, 5, 26] et sont les suivantes :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; CBC de bon pronostic, &#171; faciles &#224; traiter &#187; (low-risk) : 3 &#224; 4 mm ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8212; CBC de mauvais pronostic, &#171; difficiles &#224; traiter &#187; (high-risk ou locally advanced) : elles varient de 5 mm pour des tumeurs bien d&#233;limit&#233;es, &#224; 10 mm ou plus, pour des CBC r&#233;cidivants ou scl&#233;rodermiformes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans tous les cas les marges profondes sont situ&#233;es dans le tissu graisseux sous-cutan&#233; en respectant les structures sous-jacentes sauf si elles sont envahies.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Si les marges ne sont pas d'embl&#233;e r&#233;alisables (pr&#233;sence de structures nobles proches), et / ou si une reconstruction est n&#233;cessaire, un examen histologique de la pi&#232;ce op&#233;ratoire est indispensable avant le geste de fermeture ou de reconstruction. Cette analyse peut se faire, soit pendant le temps op&#233;ratoire (&#233;tude extemporan&#233;e, technique de Mohs), soit apr&#232;s l'intervention (chirurgie en deux temps).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En cas d'ex&#233;r&#232;se incompl&#232;te, les recommandations convergent vers une prise en charge compl&#233;mentaire, surtout s'il existe des crit&#232;res de haut risque : une nouvelle ex&#233;r&#232;se doit &#234;tre envisag&#233;e, id&#233;alement avec contr&#244;le complet des marges type Mohs lorsque disponible [4]. Les taux de r&#233;cidives en cas d'ex&#233;r&#232;se incompl&#232;tes sont estim&#233;s entre 30 et 45% [4, 31 ] et il a &#233;t&#233; montr&#233; un risque de transformation vers des formes plus agressives [32]. La radioth&#233;rapie constitue une alternative valide lorsque la chirurgie n'est pas possible. Une simple surveillance n'est envisag&#233;e que dans des situations s&#233;lectionn&#233;es, typiquement petites l&#233;sions non agressives du tronc, ou si le rapport b&#233;n&#233;fice/risque d'un nouveau traitement est d&#233;favorable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Les techniques chirurgicales&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Ex&#233;r&#232;se suture&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour les tumeurs dites &#171; faciles &#224; traiter &#187;, une ex&#233;r&#232;se-suture sous anesth&#233;sie locale en ambulatoire est le plus souvent possible (plus de 80 p. 100 des CBC). Mais l'ex&#233;r&#232;se de tumeurs de plus grande taille ou de mauvais pronostic peut n&#233;cessiter un temps de reconstruction (greffe, lambeau), et plusieurs techniques chirurgicales sont alors possibles. Une m&#233;ta-analyse portant sur plus de 16 000 CBC op&#233;r&#233;s a montr&#233; qu'une marge chirurgicale de 3 mm &#233;tait suffisante pour obtenir un taux de gu&#233;rison de 95 % pour les l&#233;sions non scl&#233;rodermiformes &#8804; 2 cm [33]. En pratique, pour les CBC &#224; faible risque, une excision avec une marge de 4 mm est privil&#233;gi&#233;e en France [26] quand cela est possible, diminu&#233;e &#224; 3 mm dans les localisations difficiles. L'excision est r&#233;alis&#233;e jusqu'au tissu adipeux sous-cutan&#233; moyen, avec &#233;valuation histologique des marges.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les marges positives sont associ&#233;es &#224; un risque important de r&#233;cidive, estim&#233; selon les &#233;tudes &#224; 30-40 % [34, 35], contre 5,9 % lorsque les marges sont n&#233;gatives [36].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Ex&#233;r&#232;se avec examen extemporan&#233; [37]&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Elle permet une fermeture ou une reconstruction imm&#233;diate. L'examen histologique perop&#233;ratoire sur coupes congel&#233;es (&#171; examen extemporan&#233; &#187;) permet une fermeture ou une reconstruction imm&#233;diate apr&#232;s ex&#233;r&#232;se tumorale et permet de diminuer le taux de r&#233;cidive par rapport &#224; une chirurgie classique utilisant des marges probabilistes [38]. Cependant, cette technique pr&#233;sente plusieurs limites : qualit&#233; morphologique inf&#233;rieure aux coupes en paraffine, analyse souvent partielle des marges, risque de faux n&#233;gatifs et n&#233;cessit&#233; de la disponibilit&#233; imm&#233;diate d'un anatomopathologiste exp&#233;riment&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les recommandations r&#233;centes europ&#233;ennes et britanniques ne consid&#232;rent plus l'examen extemporan&#233; conventionnel comme la technique de r&#233;f&#233;rence pour le contr&#244;le des marges des CBC &#224; haut risque. Elles privil&#233;gient soit l'ex&#233;r&#232;se standard avec analyse histologique diff&#233;r&#233;e sur paraffine, soit surtout les techniques de chirurgie micrographique avec contr&#244;le complet des marges [4, 5].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Une reconstruction diff&#233;r&#233;e (chirurgie en deux temps)&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Elle permet un examen histologique et un contr&#244;le des marges sur tissu fix&#233; en paraffine avant la reconstruction. Cette technique constitue une alternative &#224; l'examen extemporan&#233;. La morphologie tissulaire est mieux conserv&#233;e sur les coupes en paraffine. La l&#233;sion est dans un premier temps, mise &#224; plat et orient&#233;e, puis des pansements gras sont prescrits au patient en externe, en attendant les r&#233;sultats de l'analyse histologique. La reconstruction est r&#233;alis&#233;e dans un deuxi&#232;me temps. Cette technique est la plus utilis&#233;e, en France, pour les cas difficiles car elle est moins co&#251;teuse et plus disponible que la chirurgie de Mohs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'analyse de la litt&#233;rature ne permet pas actuellement, d'appr&#233;cier le taux de r&#233;cidive avec cette technique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;La chirurgie de Mohs [39-41]&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cette technique comprend une ex&#233;r&#232;se de la tumeur avec de faibles marges, puis des recoupes horizontales sont r&#233;alis&#233;es en p&#233;riph&#233;rie, congel&#233;es et lues en extemporan&#233;. Apr&#232;s l'ablation de la tumeur visible, de fines recoupes d'environ 2 mm sont r&#233;alis&#233;es sur toute la surface de la perte de substance. Leur faible &#233;paisseur permet d'analyser, sur des coupes en deux dimensions, l'ensemble des marges de la tumeur, aussi bien en p&#233;riph&#233;rie qu'en profondeur, et ainsi de contr&#244;ler toute l'&#233;tendue tridimensionnelle de la zone op&#233;r&#233;e. Si des cellules tumorales persistent sur une zone pr&#233;cise, le chirurgien retire uniquement un compl&#233;ment de tissu &#224; cet endroit ; l'op&#233;ration est r&#233;p&#233;t&#233;e jusqu'&#224; obtenir des marges indemnes. Cette technique est longue et co&#251;teuse car elle n&#233;cessite la pr&#233;sence d'un anatomopathologiste pendant toute la dur&#233;e de l'intervention, ainsi que la pr&#233;sence d'un chirurgien entrain&#233;. Son int&#233;r&#234;t repose sur l'examen quasi complet des marges p&#233;riph&#233;riques et profondes, contrairement &#224; l'ex&#233;r&#232;se standard qui &#233;value les marges par coupes verticales partielles, ce qui explique une meilleure ma&#238;trise du risque de r&#233;cidive et souvent des d&#233;fauts chirurgicaux plus petits.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La chirurgie micrographique de Mohs a une utilit&#233; particuli&#232;re dans le CBC lorsqu'il existe un enjeu de contr&#244;le complet des marges tout en &#233;pargnant au maximum les tissus sains, notamment au visage et dans les zones fonctionnelles ou esth&#233;tiques critiques. Les donn&#233;es comparatives montrent un b&#233;n&#233;fice surtout pour les formes &#224; haut risque : dans l'essai randomis&#233; avec 10 ans de suivi, les r&#233;cidives cumul&#233;es &#233;taient plus faibles apr&#232;s Mohs qu'apr&#232;s ex&#233;r&#232;se standard, &#224; la fois pour les CBC primaires faciaux &#224; haut risque (4,4 % vs 12,2 %) et surtout pour les CBC r&#233;cidivants (3,9 % vs 13,5 %, diff&#233;rence significative pour les r&#233;cidivants) [41]. Une m&#233;ta-analyse portant sur 2060 l&#233;sions de la t&#234;te et du cou retrouve &#233;galement une r&#233;duction significative du risque de r&#233;cidive avec Mohs pour les CBC primaires et r&#233;cidivants, ainsi qu'un avantage sur la taille du d&#233;fect, au prix d'un co&#251;t et d'un temps op&#233;ratoire plus &#233;lev&#233;s [40]. En pratique, les recommandations europ&#233;ennes 2023 placent la chirurgie compl&#232;te comme traitement de premi&#232;re ligne du CBC et indiquent que la chirurgie micrographiquement contr&#244;l&#233;e doit &#234;tre propos&#233;e pour les CBC &#224; haut risque, r&#233;cidivants ou situ&#233;s sur des sites anatomiques critiques [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le choix de la technique chirurgicale dans le traitement du CBC d&#233;pend surtout du risque de r&#233;cidive, de la taille de la tumeur, de sa localisation et de la n&#233;cessit&#233; de pr&#233;server les tissus sains. Pour les formes simples et &#224; faible risque, l'ex&#233;r&#232;se-suture avec des marges adapt&#233;es reste une solution efficace, accessible et largement utilis&#233;e. En revanche, les tumeurs plus complexes, r&#233;cidivantes ou situ&#233;es dans des zones esth&#233;tiques et fonctionnelles sensibles n&#233;cessitent un contr&#244;le plus pr&#233;cis des marges chirurgicales via un examen extemporan&#233; ou une chirurgie en 2 temps. Dans ce contexte, la chirurgie micrographique de Mohs appara&#238;t comme la technique la plus performante [42], notamment pour les carcinomes basocellulaires &#224; haut risque, car elle permet de r&#233;duire le taux de r&#233;cidive tout en limitant la perte de tissu sain. Toutefois, son co&#251;t, sa dur&#233;e et la n&#233;cessit&#233; d'une &#233;quipe sp&#233;cialis&#233;e limitent encore son utilisation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ainsi, une prise en charge adapt&#233;e au profil de chaque tumeur reste essentielle afin d'obtenir le meilleur &#233;quilibre entre efficacit&#233; carcinologique, r&#233;sultat fonctionnel et r&#233;sultat esth&#233;tique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;RADIOTH&#201;RAPIE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La chirurgie avec contr&#244;le histologique des marges reste le traitement de r&#233;f&#233;rence du CBC, en particulier pour les formes &#224; haut risque, r&#233;cidivantes ou situ&#233;es dans des zones critiques. La radioth&#233;rapie n'est donc pas un traitement de premi&#232;re intention chez les patients op&#233;rables, mais constitue une alternative valid&#233;e chez les patients non-candidats &#224; la chirurgie, qui refusent la chirurgie, ou lorsque celle-ci serait mutilante, fonctionnellement d&#233;l&#233;t&#232;re ou associ&#233;e &#224; un mauvais r&#233;sultat esth&#233;tique, notamment chez les sujets &#226;g&#233;s et pour certaines localisations de la face comme le nez, la l&#232;vre ou la paupi&#232;re [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'essai randomis&#233; historique comparant chirurgie et radioth&#233;rapie pour des CBC du visage reste en faveur de la chirurgie, avec un taux de r&#233;cidive &#224; 4 ans de 0,7 % apr&#232;s chirurgie contre 7,5 % apr&#232;s radioth&#233;rapie, ainsi que de meilleurs r&#233;sultats cosm&#233;tiques apr&#232;s chirurgie. Ces donn&#233;es justifient de ne pas banaliser la radioth&#233;rapie comme alternative &#233;quivalente chez un patient op&#233;rable [7, 43]. Toutefois, les donn&#233;es plus r&#233;centes nuancent cette appr&#233;ciation : une revue syst&#233;matique avec m&#233;ta-analyse en r&#233;seau portant sur 40 essais randomis&#233;s et 5 &#233;tudes non randomis&#233;es rapporte, pour les CBC primitifs majoritairement &#224; bas risque, des taux estim&#233;s de r&#233;cidive proches entre radioth&#233;rapie externe, chirurgie standard et chirurgie de Mohs, respectivement 3,5 %, 3,8 % et 3,8 %, avec une incertitude importante li&#233;e au caract&#232;re indirect et h&#233;t&#233;rog&#232;ne des comparaisons [44]. Les recommandations europ&#233;ennes 2023 consid&#232;rent ainsi la radioth&#233;rapie comme une alternative valable &#224; la chirurgie chez les patients non op&#233;rables ou refusant la chirurgie [4]. Les indications doivent &#234;tre discut&#233;es au cas par cas, id&#233;alement en RCP, en tenant compte du pronostic tumoral, de la localisation, de la taille, de la profondeur d'infiltration, de l'&#233;tat g&#233;n&#233;ral, des comorbidit&#233;s, des pr&#233;f&#233;rences du patient, des possibilit&#233;s chirurgicales et de l'expertise m&#233;dicale. Elle est recommand&#233;e dans des situations s&#233;lectionn&#233;es &#224; haut risque, notamment en cas de marges positives apr&#232;s excision ou chirurgie de Mohs lorsque la reprise chirurgicale n'est pas possible, ou en cas d'atteinte p&#233;rinerveuse &#233;tendue m&#234;me avec marges n&#233;gatives. Son b&#233;n&#233;fice apr&#232;s ex&#233;r&#232;se compl&#232;te &#224; marges n&#233;gatives reste discut&#233;, surtout apr&#232;s chirurgie de Mohs, et la d&#233;cision doit &#234;tre individualis&#233;e en concertation multidisciplinaire [7]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La radioth&#233;rapie doit &#234;tre &#233;vit&#233;e, ou &#224; tout le moins non propos&#233;e en routine, chez les patients jeunes, en particulier avant 60 ans, en raison des effets tardifs possibles, des troubles trophiques et des enjeux de r&#233;sultat esth&#233;tique &#224; long terme. Elle ne doit pas &#234;tre propos&#233;e en cas de CBC r&#233;cidivant apr&#232;s irradiation ant&#233;rieure du m&#234;me site, ni chez les patients atteints de syndromes g&#233;n&#233;tiques pr&#233;disposant aux cancers cutan&#233;s, notamment le syndrome de Gorlin ou le xeroderma pigmentosum. Elle n'est pas non plus recommand&#233;e dans les zones de mauvaise vascularisation, comme les membres inf&#233;rieurs, ni en cas d'envahissement osseux ou cartilagineux, situations qui doivent faire discuter d'autres options en RCP [5].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La radioth&#233;rapie peut &#234;tre r&#233;alis&#233;e par radioth&#233;rapie externe ou plus rarement, par curieth&#233;rapie dans certaines localisations complexes (par exemple cervico-faciales). Les modalit&#233;s techniques de radioth&#233;rapie doivent &#234;tre d&#233;finies par le radioth&#233;rapeute selon la localisation, la taille tumorale, l'&#233;tat g&#233;n&#233;ral et les contraintes anatomiques. Le dermatologue doit int&#233;grer au choix th&#233;rapeutique le risque de complications, notamment en zones cartilagineuses ou mal vascularis&#233;es, les s&#233;quelles trophiques tardives, les difficult&#233;s de chirurgie de rattrapage et le risque (faible mais non n&#233;gligeable) de second cancer radio-induit, surtout chez les sujets jeunes [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans les CBC localement avanc&#233;s, r&#233;cidivants ou difficiles &#224; traiter, la radioth&#233;rapie doit s'int&#233;grer dans une strat&#233;gie multidisciplinaire associant, selon les cas, chirurgie, radioth&#233;rapie, inhibiteurs de Hedgehog et immunoth&#233;rapie anti-PD-1 en seconde ligne.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;CRYOCHIRURGIE OU CRYOTH&#201;RAPIE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La cryochirurgie utilise la cong&#233;lation pour la destruction du tissu tumoral. La cryochirurgie, le plus souvent r&#233;alis&#233;e &#224; l'azote liquide en cycles cong&#233;lation - d&#233;cong&#233;lation, est une technique destructrice sans contr&#244;le histologique des marges. Elle peut &#234;tre propos&#233;e comme alternative pour des CBC primaires, superficiels, de petite taille, bien limit&#233;s et &#224; faible risque, en particulier lorsque l'ex&#233;r&#232;se chirurgicale n'est pas souhait&#233;e ou n'est pas r&#233;alisable. Les recommandations europ&#233;ennes de 2023 permettent d'utiliser la cryoth&#233;rapie pour les CBC nodulaires primaires bien limit&#233;s hors zone &#224; risque mais cela est peu r&#233;alis&#233; en pratique clinique en France o&#249; la chirurgie reste le premier choix.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Elle n'est jamais indiqu&#233;e pour les CBC &#224; haut risque, r&#233;cidiv&#233;s, mal limit&#233;s, infiltrants, scl&#233;rodermiformes ou situ&#233;s dans des zones &#224; risque de r&#233;cidive.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les r&#233;sultats d&#233;pendent fortement de la s&#233;lection des l&#233;sions, de la localisation et de l'exp&#233;rience de l'op&#233;rateur. Les recommandations europ&#233;ennes 2023 consid&#232;rent la cryoth&#233;rapie et le curetage comme des alternatives possibles pour les petits CBC &#224; faible risque [4]. Les taux de r&#233;cidive rapport&#233;s apr&#232;s cryoth&#233;rapie sont h&#233;t&#233;rog&#232;nes, allant d'environ 6 % &#224; 1 an &#224; 39 % &#224; 2 ans selon les essais, tandis qu'une m&#233;ta-analyse en r&#233;seau estimait un taux moyen de r&#233;cidive plus &#233;lev&#233; qu'apr&#232;s chirurgie [45]. Les r&#233;sultats cosm&#233;tiques sont variables et souvent moins favorables que ceux de la phototh&#233;rapie dynamique, avec un risque d'hypochromie d&#233;finitive qui doit &#234;tre expliqu&#233; au patient.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;AUTRES TECHNIQUES&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;L'&#233;l&#233;ctrocoagulation-curetage&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Elle est de moins en moins pratiqu&#233;e en France, et est r&#233;serv&#233;e aux tumeurs de petite taille (&lt; 2 cm), bien d&#233;limit&#233;es, sans crit&#232;re de risque. Les r&#233;sultats sont tr&#232;s d&#233;pendants de l'op&#233;rateur et la courbe d'apprentissage est longue. Les taux de r&#233;cidive &#224; 5 ans rapport&#233;s sont tr&#232;s variables, de 3 &#224; 20 % dans les recommandations europ&#233;ennes, et jusqu'&#224; 1,2 &#224; 40 % dans la synth&#232;se NCCN selon les populations s&#233;lectionn&#233;es [4, 7]. Elle peut laisser une cicatrice inesth&#233;tique et semble peu int&#233;ressante par rapport &#224; l'ex&#233;r&#232;se-suture conventionnelle. Les donn&#233;es sont insuffisantes &#224; l'heure actuelle pour donner un avis &#233;clair&#233; sur de tel traitement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Le laser CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le laser CO&#8322;, ainsi que d'autres lasers ablatifs, a &#233;t&#233; propos&#233; pour des CBC superficiels de faible risque &#224; l'instar de la cryoth&#233;rapie [46]. Les donn&#233;es restent cependant limit&#233;es, les protocoles ne sont pas standardis&#233;s et le recul &#224; long terme est insuffisant. Les recommandations europ&#233;ennes 2023 concluent &#224; une insuffisance de preuve pour d&#233;terminer l'efficacit&#233; du laser dans le traitement des CBC [4], et les recommandations britanniques 2021 ne retiennent pas non plus suffisamment d'&#233;l&#233;ments pour recommander le CO&#8322; laser [5]. Cette technique ne doit donc pas &#234;tre consid&#233;r&#233;e comme une option standard hors situations tr&#232;s s&#233;lectionn&#233;es ou protocoles d'&#233;valuation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;La phototh&#233;rapie dynamique (voir chapitre phototh&#233;rapie dynamique)&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La phototh&#233;rapie dynamique est une option valid&#233;e pour les CBC superficiels et certains CBC nodulaires de faible risque [4]. Elle pr&#233;sente g&#233;n&#233;ralement un bon r&#233;sultat esth&#233;tique, souvent sup&#233;rieur &#224; celui de la cryochirurgie ou de l'ex&#233;r&#232;se conventionnelle dans les &#233;tudes comparatives, mais au prix d'un contr&#244;le tumoral inf&#233;rieur &#224; celui de la chirurgie et d'un risque de r&#233;cidive plus &#233;lev&#233;. Les recommandations europ&#233;ennes 2023 indiquent qu'elle doit &#234;tre utilis&#233;e pour les CBC superficiels et nodulaires de faible risque, tout en pr&#233;cisant qu'elle est moins efficace que l'imiquimod 5 % [4]. En France, cette option est principalement envisag&#233;e pour les carcinomes basocellulaires superficiels multiples, situ&#233;s en dehors des zones &#224; risque, notamment lorsque l'application d'imiquimod 5 % appara&#238;t difficilement r&#233;alisable en raison des caract&#233;ristiques de la l&#233;sion (localisation, limites difficiles &#224; individualiser) ou du profil du patient, en particulier en cas de difficult&#233;s de compr&#233;hension ou d'adh&#233;sion aux consignes, comme chez certains sujets &#226;g&#233;s ou pr&#233;sentant des troubles cognitifs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;L'&#233;lectro chimioth&#233;rapie&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'&#233;lectrochimioth&#233;rapie associe l'administration de bl&#233;omycine ou de cisplatine &#224; des impulsions &#233;lectriques br&#232;ves et de haut voltage, qui augmentent transitoirement la perm&#233;abilit&#233; membranaire et la concentration intracellulaire du cytotoxique. Contrairement aux anciennes recommandations fran&#231;aises qui ne la retenaient pas, les recommandations europ&#233;ennes 2023 la consid&#232;rent comme une option pouvant &#234;tre propos&#233;e lorsque la chirurgie ou la radioth&#233;rapie ne sont pas r&#233;alisables ou sont contre-indiqu&#233;es, notamment dans certains CBC localement avanc&#233;s ou r&#233;cidiv&#233;s [4, 6]. Les donn&#233;es europ&#233;ennes rapportent des taux de r&#233;ponse globale et de r&#233;ponse compl&#232;te respectivement de 96 % et 85 % [47] ; dans le registre InspECT, une r&#233;ponse compl&#232;te apr&#232;s une s&#233;ance &#233;tait observ&#233;e dans 81 % des cas, avec une r&#233;cidive/progression locale de 9,3 % &#224; 17 mois [48]. Dans un essai randomis&#233; comparant &#233;lectrochimioth&#233;rapie et chirurgie, l'absence de r&#233;cidive &#224; 5 ans &#233;tait de 87,5 % apr&#232;s &#233;lectrochimioth&#233;rapie contre 97,5 % apr&#232;s chirurgie [49]. La technique reste donc une option de recours, &#224; discuter en RCP, et non une alternative de premi&#232;re intention aux traitements valid&#233;s pour les CBC op&#233;rables. A noter que ce traitement reste souvent douloureux malgr&#233; l'anesth&#233;sie locale.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;LES TRAITEMENTS M&#201;DICAUX&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les traitements m&#233;dicaux des CBC ont une place limit&#233;e dans les formes communes, o&#249; ils concernent surtout les CBC superficiels &#224; bas risque, et une place majeure dans les formes localement avanc&#233;es ou m&#233;tastatiques non accessibles &#224; un traitement local satisfaisant.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;La chimioth&#233;rapie&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Le 5-Fluorouacil topique&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le 5-fluorouracile (5-FU) &#224; 5 % est un traitement topique valid&#233; pour les CBC superficiels. Il est g&#233;n&#233;ralement appliqu&#233; deux fois par jour pendant 3 &#224; 6 semaines selon les recommandations europ&#233;ennes, ou une &#224; deux fois par jour pendant 3 &#224; 4 semaines selon les recommandations britanniques [4, 5]. Dans l'essai randomis&#233; comparant imiquimod, 5-FU et phototh&#233;rapie dynamique au m&#233;thyl-aminol&#233;vulinate (MAL-PDT), le 5-FU &#233;tait inf&#233;rieur &#224; l'imiquimod mais non inf&#233;rieur &#224; la MAL-PDT pour les CBC superficiels [50]. &#192; 5 ans, la survie sans tumeur &#233;tait de 70,0 % avec le 5-FU, contre 80,5 % avec l'imiquimod et 62,7 % avec la MAL-PDT. Les effets ind&#233;sirables sont principalement locaux, proches de ceux observ&#233;s avec l'imiquimod : &#233;ryth&#232;me, &#233;rosions, cro&#251;tes, irritation, prurit, parfois infections locales. Les formes intral&#233;sionnelles historiques ou les applications sous occlusion ne doivent plus &#234;tre pr&#233;sent&#233;es comme une option standard.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il n'a pas d'autorisation de mise sur le march&#233; dans le traitement des CBC superficiels en France. Son utilisation dans cette indication rel&#232;ve donc d'une prescription hors AMM, &#224; discuter au cas par cas, notamment pour des CBC superficiels de faible risque, confirm&#233;s histologiquement, lorsque les traitements valid&#233;s ou recommand&#233;s ne sont pas disponibles ou mis en &#233;chec. Compte tenu de son faible co&#251;t, de sa disponibilit&#233; et de l'exp&#233;rience d'utilisation en dermatologie, il peut constituer une option th&#233;rapeutique alternative, sous r&#233;serve d'une information du patient sur le caract&#232;re hors AMM de la prescription, les modalit&#233;s d'application, les effets ind&#233;sirables locaux attendus et la n&#233;cessit&#233; d'une surveillance clinique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;La chimioth&#233;rapie syst&#233;mique&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La chimioth&#233;rapie cytotoxique syst&#233;mique n'a plus qu'une place marginale. Les donn&#233;es disponibles sont anciennes, limit&#233;es &#224; des cas cliniques ou de petites s&#233;ries, surtout dans les CBC m&#233;tastatiques. Depuis l'arriv&#233;e des inhibiteurs de la voie Hedgehog puis des anti-PD1, elle est rarement utilis&#233;e. Les recommandations europ&#233;ennes rapportent que les chimioth&#233;rapies &#224; base de platine ont donn&#233; des r&#233;ponses modestes, souvent br&#232;ves, avec des taux de r&#233;ponse g&#233;n&#233;ralement autour de 20&#8211;30 %, parfois plus &#233;lev&#233;s dans des observations isol&#233;es, mais avec des dur&#233;es de r&#233;ponse le plus souvent limit&#233;es &#224; quelques mois. Elle peut &#234;tre discut&#233;e exceptionnellement apr&#232;s &#233;chec ou impossibilit&#233; des inhibiteurs Hedgehog et des anti-PD1 [4, 5, 7].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Les th&#233;rapies cibl&#233;es&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La cible est la voie de signalisation Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), initialement d&#233;crite chez la mouche Drosophila melanogaster comme une voie majeure du d&#233;veloppement embryonnaire, joue chez l'humain un r&#244;le essentiel dans l'embryogen&#232;se, la morphogen&#232;se, la croissance cellulaire et le maintien de certains tissus adultes [51-55]. Son implication dans le CBC a &#233;t&#233; mise en &#233;vidence &#224; partir des alt&#233;rations g&#233;n&#233;tiques observ&#233;es dans le syndrome de Gorlin, notamment les mutations du g&#232;ne suppresseur de tumeur PTCH1, mais aussi par l'identification de mutations activatrices de SMO capables d'induire un CBC ind&#233;pendamment de PTCH1 [51, 56-58]. Ces alt&#233;rations aboutissent &#224; une activation constitutive de SMO, entra&#238;nant une activation permanente de la voie SHH et une prolif&#233;ration tumorale incontr&#244;l&#233;e. Cette compr&#233;hension biologique a permis le d&#233;veloppement d'inhibiteurs pharmacologiques ciblant SMO : le vismodegib et le sonidegib [59-61]. Aucun essai randomis&#233; n'a directement compar&#233; ces deux traitements. Les comparaisons disponibles sont donc indirectes et doivent &#234;tre interpr&#233;t&#233;es avec prudence, car les &#233;tudes utilisent des populations, des crit&#232;res d'&#233;valuation et des m&#233;thodes de mesure de r&#233;ponse diff&#233;rents [62].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans l'&#233;tude ERIVANCE, le vismodegib 150 mg/j a montr&#233; une efficacit&#233; cliniquement pertinente dans les CBC localement avanc&#233;s et m&#233;tastatiques. L'&#233;valuation ind&#233;pendante rapportait environ 43 % de r&#233;ponses objectives dans les formes localement avanc&#233;es, dont 21 % de r&#233;ponses compl&#232;tes, et 30 % dans les formes m&#233;tastatiques, avec une dur&#233;e m&#233;diane de r&#233;ponse de 7,6 mois dans les deux cohortes [61]. Le sonidegib, &#233;valu&#233; dans l'&#233;tude BOLT, est indiqu&#233; dans les CBC localement avanc&#233;s. Les donn&#233;es disponibles sugg&#232;rent des taux de r&#233;ponse objective &#233;lev&#233;s, avec dans certaines analyses une r&#233;ponse objective de 60,6 %, une r&#233;ponse compl&#232;te d'environ 21,2 %, une r&#233;ponse partielle de 39,4 % et une survie sans progression m&#233;diane de 22,1 mois [60]. Les donn&#233;es indirectes sugg&#232;rent une dur&#233;e de r&#233;ponse et une survie sans progression potentiellement favorables au sonidegib, mais l'absence de comparaison directe emp&#234;che toute conclusion d&#233;finitive sur la sup&#233;riorit&#233; d'une mol&#233;cule par rapport &#224; l'autre [62]. D'autres &#233;tudes rapportent &#233;galement un taux de r&#233;ponse possiblement sup&#233;rieur avec le sonidegib, pour un profil d'effets ind&#233;sirables globalement comparable &#224; celui du vismodegib [63, 64].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le profil de tol&#233;rance du sonidegib (&#233;tude BOLT) et du vismodegib (&#233;tude ERIVANCE) est globalement comparable, avec des effets ind&#233;sirables (EI) principalement de grades 1 ou 2 li&#233;s &#224; l'inhibition de la voie Hedgehog [62, 65, 66]. Les EI les plus fr&#233;quents pour les deux mol&#233;cules incluent les spasmes musculaires, l'alop&#233;cie et la dysgueusie, impactant souvent l'observance sur le long terme. Pour le sonidegib, les &#233;l&#233;vations de la cr&#233;atine phosphokinase (CPK) sont sp&#233;cifiques et n&#233;cessitent une surveillance r&#233;guli&#232;re. Bien que la majorit&#233; des patients pr&#233;sentent au moins un EI, ceux de grades 3 et 4 restent limit&#233;s (environ 43% pour le sonidegib &#224; 42 mois). L'arr&#234;t du traitement pour toxicit&#233; inacceptable concerne une proportion notable de patients (environ 29% &#224; 31% selon les &#233;tudes), soulignant l'importance d'une &#233;ducation th&#233;rapeutique pr&#233;-th&#233;rapeutique pour am&#233;liorer la tol&#233;rance et maintenir l'efficacit&#233; durable observ&#233;e dans les formes localement avanc&#233;es et m&#233;tastatiques.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Devant la fr&#233;quence des effets ind&#233;sirables rapport&#233;s sous inhibiteurs de Sonic Hedgehog (iSHH) des strat&#233;gies de r&#233;duction de dose et de pause de traitement ont &#233;t&#233; &#233;tudi&#233; et semble &#234;tre une strat&#233;gie viable qui permet de g&#233;rer les effets ind&#233;sirables sans compromettre les chances de r&#233;ponse tumorale [4, 65, 67].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les inhibiteurs de SMO constituent aujourd'hui le traitement syst&#233;mique de r&#233;f&#233;rence des CBC localement avanc&#233;s non op&#233;rables ou des CBC m&#233;tastatiques, lorsque la chirurgie ou la radioth&#233;rapie ne sont pas possibles, contre-indiqu&#233;es ou refus&#233;es [4, 5]. Ils s'int&#232;grent donc dans la strat&#233;gie th&#233;rapeutique des CBC avanc&#233;s apr&#232;s discussion multidisciplinaire, en tenant compte du caract&#232;re op&#233;rable de la tumeur, du retentissement fonctionnel ou esth&#233;tique potentiel, des comorbidit&#233;s, du souhait du patient et de la tol&#233;rance attendue.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Les r&#233;tino&#239;des&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les recommandations europ&#233;ennes 2023 vont dans le m&#234;me sens : les r&#233;tino&#239;des oraux sont plut&#244;t discut&#233;s pour la pr&#233;vention des carcinomes &#233;pidermo&#239;des chez les patients &#224; haut risque, mais les donn&#233;es actuelles montrent une faible efficacit&#233; pour la pr&#233;vention des CBC et ne soutiennent pas leur utilisation en pr&#233;vention du CBC, compte tenu du rapport b&#233;n&#233;fice/risque [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;L'immunoth&#233;rapie&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;L'interf&#233;ron&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'interf&#233;ron-&#945; a &#233;t&#233; rapport&#233; de fa&#231;on historique, notamment en intral&#233;sionnel ou p&#233;ril&#233;sionnel en association &#224; la chirurgie, mais les donn&#233;es disponibles sont limit&#233;es et de tr&#232;s faible certitude. Il n'est pas recommand&#233; dans la prise en charge actuelle des CBC, notamment localement avanc&#233;s ou m&#233;tastatiques, o&#249; les options syst&#233;miques valid&#233;es sont les inhibiteurs de Hedgehog puis, en seconde ligne, l'immunoth&#233;rapie anti-PD1 [4, 5].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;L'imiquimod&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'imiquimod est une mol&#233;cule immunomodulatrice qui induit la synth&#232;se de cytokines (IFN) par sa liaison avec des Toll-like receptors, intervenant dans la r&#233;gulation de l'immunit&#233; inn&#233;e. Ce traitement utilis&#233; en topique est commercialis&#233; en France pour le traitement des CBC superficiels de petites tailles. Il offre une efficacit&#233; sup&#233;rieure &#224; la PDT et au 5-FU dans les CBC superficiels, mais reste inf&#233;rieur &#224; l'ex&#233;r&#232;se chirurgicale, qui demeure le traitement de r&#233;f&#233;rence. Le rythme d'application propos&#233; est d'une fois par jour, 5 jours par semaines pendant 6 semaines. Le taux de r&#233;ponse compl&#232;te est d'environ 70% &#224; 12 semaines. Les r&#233;sultats esth&#233;tiques sont int&#233;ressants malgr&#233; une irritation, parfois importante, lors de l'application du traitement dont les malades doivent &#234;tre pr&#233;venus. Ce traitement est indiqu&#233; chez des sujets motiv&#233;s et qui pourront &#234;tre suivi r&#233;guli&#232;rement [4, 5].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Les inhibiteurs de check point inhibiteurs&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La place des inhibiteurs de PD1 dans la prise en charge des CBC avanc&#233;s a &#233;volu&#233; ces derni&#232;res ann&#233;es. Les premi&#232;res donn&#233;es avec le pembrolizumab, issues d'une &#233;tude ouverte de preuve de concept men&#233;e chez 16 patients atteints de carcinome basocellulaire avanc&#233;, avaient montr&#233; un taux de r&#233;ponses objectives de 38 % &#224; 18 semaines, que le traitement soit administr&#233; seul ou en association au vismodegib [68]. Toutefois, l'association pembrolizumab - vismodegib n'a pas sugg&#233;r&#233; de b&#233;n&#233;fice additif clair. Depuis, les donn&#233;es les plus robustes concernent le cemiplimab, anticorps anti-PD1 &#233;valu&#233; dans une &#233;tude de phase II multicentrique, ouverte et non comparative chez des patients atteints de carcinome basocellulaire localement avanc&#233; apr&#232;s progression, intol&#233;rance ou absence d'alternative aux iSHH. Dans cette &#233;tude, 84 patients ont re&#231;u du cemiplimab 350 mg en IV toutes les 3 semaines, avec un taux de r&#233;ponse objective de 31 %, incluant 6 % de r&#233;ponses compl&#232;tes et 25 % de r&#233;ponses partielles ; aucun d&#233;c&#232;s li&#233; au traitement n'a &#233;t&#233; rapport&#233; [69]. Dans les &#233;tudes de r&#233;f&#233;rence, en deuxi&#232;me ligne, le cemiplimab permet une r&#233;ponse chez environ un quart &#224; un tiers des patients, avec des r&#233;sultats coh&#233;rents entre essai clinique et donn&#233;es de vraie vie, et des r&#233;ponses qui peuvent &#234;tre durables chez les r&#233;pondeurs [69-71]. Son profil de tol&#233;rance est globalement acceptable, mais il expose aux effets ind&#233;sirables immunom&#233;di&#233;s propres aux anti-PD1.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les recommandations europ&#233;ennes actualis&#233;es positionnent d&#233;sormais les anti-PD1 comme traitement de deuxi&#232;me ligne des CBC localement avanc&#233;s ou m&#233;tastatiques en cas de progression, de contre-indication ou d'intol&#233;rance aux inhibiteurs de Hedgehog. Parmi les anti-PD1, le cemiplimab, approuv&#233; par la FDA et l'EMA en 2021, repr&#233;sente &#224; ce jour l'anti-PD1 de r&#233;f&#233;rence dans cette indication [4, 5, 30] et est indiqu&#233; apr&#232;s &#233;chec ou impossibilit&#233; de traitement par iSHH.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les donn&#233;es r&#233;centes sugg&#232;rent qu'il pourrait avoir un int&#233;r&#234;t plus pr&#233;coce, voire en premi&#232;re ligne chez certains patients, mais cette place reste &#224; confirmer par des &#233;tudes d&#233;di&#233;es [71]. Il n'y a pas d'AMM ou de remboursement &#224; l'heure actuelle en France pour de tel traitements.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;LES INDICATIONS&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NB : au moment de la mise &#224; jour de ce chapitre, les recommandations fran&#231;aises sont en cours de mise &#224; jour avec le Centre de Preuve de Dermatologie de la Soci&#233;t&#233; Fran&#231;aise de Dermatologie. Elles devraient &#234;tre disponibles et publi&#233;es en 2027-2028.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nous nous sommes bas&#233;es sur les recommandation europ&#233;ennes de l'EADO pour la mise a jour de ce chapitre.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Elles d&#233;pendent du risque de r&#233;cidive distingu&#233;e dans la nouvelle classification clinique de l'EADO entre les CBC &#171; faciles &#224; traiter &#187; (communs) des CBC &#171; difficiles &#224; traiter &#187;. Cette classification des CBC s'inclut dans un continuum en tenant compte des caract&#233;ristiques tumorales, anatomiques et du terrain du patient (Figure 1).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;CBC COMMUNS DITS &#171; FACILES &#192; TRAITER &#187;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le traitement de r&#233;f&#233;rence des CBC communs, dits &#171; faciles &#224; traiter &#187;, repose sur l'ex&#233;r&#232;se chirurgicale compl&#232;te avec contr&#244;le histologique. Ils correspondent au stade I de l'EADO (Figure 1). Pour les CBC &#224; bas risque, une marge de s&#233;curit&#233; de 3 &#224; 4 mm est recommand&#233;e lors d'une ex&#233;r&#232;se standard avec analyse histologique en 2D. En cas d'ex&#233;r&#232;se incompl&#232;te, en particulier pour les l&#233;sions &#224; haut risque ou lorsque la marge profonde est atteinte, une reprise chirurgicale doit &#234;tre propos&#233;e. En revanche, si les marges sont histologiquement saines, une reprise n'est pas n&#233;cessaire. Pour les CBC superficiels ou nodulaires de bas risque, notamment lorsque la chirurgie est contre-indiqu&#233;e, refus&#233;e ou peu adapt&#233;e, des alternatives peuvent &#234;tre discut&#233;es : imiquimod 5 %, 5-fluorouracile 5 % pour les CBC superficiels, phototh&#233;rapie dynamique pour les CBC superficiels et nodulaires de bas risque, ou traitements destructeurs tels que curetage-&#233;lectrocoagulation ou cryoth&#233;rapie pour de petites l&#233;sions de bas risque. Ces techniques doivent toutefois &#234;tre &#233;vit&#233;es lorsque l'extension profonde, le risque d'extension infraclinique ou le risque de r&#233;cidive sont importants, car elles ne permettent pas toujours un contr&#244;le histologique complet.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;CBC AVANC&#201;S DITS &#171; DIFFICILES &#192; TRAITER &#187; NON AVANC&#201;S&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Il s'agit des CBC courants compliqu&#233;s par : (1) une difficult&#233; de pr&#233;servation fonctionnelle ou esth&#233;tique li&#233;e &#224; la taille ou &#224; la localisation (yeux, nez, l&#232;vres, oreilles), (2) des limites mal d&#233;finies associ&#233;es au sous-type infiltrant (scl&#233;rodermiforme, trab&#233;culaire ou micronodulaire) ou &#224; une r&#233;cidive, (3) des r&#233;cidives faciales multiples n&#233;cessitant souvent une ex&#233;r&#232;se plus large, (4) une radioth&#233;rapie ant&#233;rieure, (5) le refus du patient d'accepter les cons&#233;quences chirurgicales, ou (6) des comorbidit&#233;s limitant la chirurgie [4]. Si un seul facteur emp&#234;che un traitement simple, s&#251;r et optimal, le CBC peut entrer dans la cat&#233;gorie difficile &#224; traiter [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le traitement initial repose sur l'ex&#233;r&#232;se chirurgicale avec une marge de 5 mm pour les tumeurs bien d&#233;limit&#233;es et jusqu'&#224; 10 mm ou plus pour certains CBC scl&#233;rodermiformes, trab&#233;culaires ou r&#233;cidivant. Une chirurgie avec examen extemporan&#233;e ou en deux temps est g&#233;n&#233;ralement n&#233;cessaire. C'est dans cette indication que la chirurgie de Mohs peut &#234;tre envisag&#233;e. Pour les patients en tr&#232;s mauvais &#233;tat g&#233;n&#233;ral, une radioth&#233;rapie peut &#234;tre propos&#233;e d'embl&#233;e, dans le cadre d'une consultation pluridisciplinaire, si la tumeur est en dehors des zones &#224; risque et n'est pas de type scl&#233;rodermiforme ou trab&#233;culaire. La prise en charge doit &#234;tre individualis&#233;e, en tenant compte du risque de r&#233;cidive, du r&#233;sultat fonctionnel et esth&#233;tique attendu, et de l'&#233;tat g&#233;n&#233;ral du patient.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;CBC AVANC&#201;S DITS &#171; DIFFICILES &#192; TRAITER &#187; AVANC&#201;S&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les CBC avanc&#233;s ou difficiles &#224; traiter regroupent les CBC localement avanc&#233;s, tr&#232;s destructeurs, r&#233;cidivants, profond&#233;ment infiltrants, situ&#233;s dans des zones critiques, ou plus rarement m&#233;tastatiques. Ils correspondent au stade III de l'EADO (Figure 1). Les recommandations europ&#233;ennes insistent sur la n&#233;cessit&#233; d'une discussion en RCP pour &#233;valuer la possibilit&#233; d'une chirurgie, d'une radioth&#233;rapie ou d'un traitement syst&#233;mique. Lorsque la chirurgie reste possible, elle doit &#234;tre privil&#233;gi&#233;e, avec contr&#244;le histologique des marges, &#233;ventuellement par chirurgie micrographique ou chirurgie en plusieurs temps. Lorsque la chirurgie n'est pas curative, est trop mutilante ou contre-indiqu&#233;e, la radioth&#233;rapie peut repr&#233;senter une alternative, notamment chez les patients &#226;g&#233;s ou non op&#233;rables.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour les CBC localement avanc&#233;s ou m&#233;tastatiques (stade IV de la classification de l'EADO) ne relevant pas d'un traitement local curatif, le traitement syst&#233;mique de premi&#232;re intention repose sur les inhibiteurs de la voie Hedgehog (iSHH), principalement le vismodegib ou le sonidegib. En cas de progression, d'intol&#233;rance ou de contre-indication aux inhibiteurs Hedgehog, une immunoth&#233;rapie anti-PD-1 par cemiplimab peut &#234;tre propos&#233;e en deuxi&#232;me ligne. Les recommandations europ&#233;ennes 2023 placent donc le cemiplimab apr&#232;s &#233;chec des inhibiteurs Hedgehog [4]. Notons qu'il n'y a pas d'AMM et de remboursement actuellement en France.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En cas d'&#233;chec successif des iSHH et de l'anti-PD1, les options deviennent limit&#233;es. Une chimioth&#233;rapie, souvent &#224; base de sels de platine, peut &#234;tre discut&#233;e, mais les recommandations rappellent que les donn&#233;es reposent surtout sur des cas rapport&#233;s ou de petites s&#233;ries, avec des r&#233;ponses g&#233;n&#233;ralement courtes. L'inclusion dans un essai clinique doit donc &#234;tre privil&#233;gi&#233;e lorsque cela est possible. L'&#233;lectro-chimioth&#233;rapie peut &#233;galement &#234;tre envisag&#233;e lorsque la chirurgie ou la radioth&#233;rapie ne sont pas faisables ou sont contre-indiqu&#233;es. Enfin, chez les patients symptomatiques atteints de CBC localement avanc&#233; ou m&#233;tastatique, les soins de support doivent &#234;tre int&#233;gr&#233;s pr&#233;cocement &#224; la prise en charge.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;CBC R&#201;CIDIV&#201;S&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pour les r&#233;cidives locales&lt;/em&gt;, consid&#233;r&#233;e comme une l&#233;sion &#224; haut risque, surtout s'il est situ&#233; en zone critique du visage ou s'il pr&#233;sente des limites mal d&#233;finies ou un sous-type histologique agressif. La r&#233;cidive doit id&#233;alement &#234;tre confirm&#233;e histologiquement, en particulier apr&#232;s chirurgie, traitement topique ou traitement destructeur, afin de pr&#233;ciser le sous-type et les facteurs de risque. Le traitement de r&#233;f&#233;rence reste la chirurgie, mais avec un contr&#244;le plus rigoureux des marges. La chirurgie en deux temps ou chirurgie de Mohs avec contr&#244;le histologique complet des marges en 3D, doit &#234;tre propos&#233;e pour les CBC r&#233;cidiv&#233;s. Si une ex&#233;r&#232;se standard est r&#233;alis&#233;e, une marge d'au moins 5 mm est recommand&#233;e lorsque cela est anatomiquement possible. Les traitements destructeurs ou topiques sont &#224; &#233;viter dans la majorit&#233; des r&#233;cidives, car ils ne permettent pas un contr&#244;le histologique fiable des marges. Une radioth&#233;rapie ne sera envisag&#233;e que si le patient est r&#233;cus&#233; pour la chirurgie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pour les formes localement tr&#232;s avanc&#233;es et inop&#233;rables et les r&#233;cidives m&#233;tastatiques&lt;/em&gt; a prise en charge doit &#234;tre discut&#233;e en RCP. L'objectif est d'&#233;valuer la faisabilit&#233; d'un traitement local curatif : chirurgie sp&#233;cialis&#233;e, radioth&#233;rapie ou association des deux. Si aucun traitement local curatif n'est possible, les recommandations proposent un traitement syst&#233;mique. Les iSHH (vismodegib ou sonidegib) constituent le traitement syst&#233;mique de r&#233;f&#233;rence. En cas de progression, d'intol&#233;rance ou de contre-indication &#224; ces traitements, une immunoth&#233;rapie par cemiplimab est indiqu&#233;e en deuxi&#232;me ligne. L'&#233;lectro chimioth&#233;rapie ou les soins de support peuvent &#234;tre discut&#233;s selon la situation clinique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;TRAITEMENT PR&#201;VENTIF ET SURVEILLANCE&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Apr&#232;s traitement d'un CBC, la pr&#233;vention repose avant tout sur la photoprotection et donc l'&#233;ducation du patient &#224; r&#233;duire l'exposition aux UV, principal facteur de risque : &#233;viter les coups de soleil, rechercher l'ombre, porter des v&#234;tements couvrants, utiliser une photoprotection adapt&#233;e et proscrire les cabines de bronzage. Les patients doivent &#233;galement &#234;tre inform&#233;s du risque accru de d&#233;velopper de nouveaux cancers cutan&#233;s, ce qui justifie une autosurveillance r&#233;guli&#232;re de la peau et de la cicatrice.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La surveillance m&#233;dicale est adapt&#233;e au niveau de risque : pour les CBC &#224; faible risque trait&#233;s conform&#233;ment aux recommandations, une consultation de suivi peut &#234;tre suffisante pour expliquer le diagnostic, rappeler les mesures de photoprotection et apprendre les signes d'alerte ; en revanche, un suivi prolong&#233; est recommand&#233; chez les patients &#224; haut risque de r&#233;cidive, ayant d&#233;j&#224; pr&#233;sent&#233; un CBC r&#233;cidivant, des CBC multiples, une immunod&#233;pression ou un syndrome de Gorlin. Dans ces situations, un contr&#244;le dermatologique annuel pendant 3 &#224; 5 ans, voire &#224; vie, est propos&#233;, tandis que les CBC difficiles &#224; traiter ou avanc&#233;s n&#233;cessitent une surveillance individualis&#233;e discut&#233;e en r&#233;union multidisciplinaire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour les patients atteints d'un syndrome de Gorlin, un examen cutan&#233; annuel est propos&#233; d&#232;s l'enfance ou l'&#226;ge adulte selon le variant g&#233;n&#233;tique, puis un suivi tous les 4 &#224; 6 mois apr&#232;s le premier CBC [4]. Concernant les patients atteints des autres g&#233;nodermatoses pr&#233;disposant &#224; la survenue de CBC multiples (xeroderma pigmentosum, Bazex&#8211;Dupr&#233;&#8211;Christol, albinisme oculocutan&#233;, Muir&#8211;Torre) les recommandations mentionnent simplement une surveillance dermatologique rapproch&#233;e.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le nicotinamide peut &#234;tre discut&#233; chez certains patients &#224; haut risque ayant d&#233;j&#224; eu plusieurs cancers cutan&#233;s, mais n'est pas recommand&#233; de fa&#231;on g&#233;n&#233;rale [72].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;D&#201;CLARATION DE CONFLIT D'INT&#201;R&#202;TS&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le Dr Boileau d&#233;clare uniquement un lien d'int&#233;r&#234;t pour hospitalit&#233; pour participation &#224; des congr&#232;s par SUNPHARMA. Aucun conflit d'int&#233;r&#234;ts pour le Dr Pace.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table align=&#034;left&#034; border=&#034;1&#034; cellpadding=&#034;1&#034; cellspacing=&#034;1&#034; class=&#034;spip&#034; id=&#034;table1&#034; style=&#034;width:500px;&#034;&gt; &lt;caption&gt;Tableau 1 Crit&#232;res cliniques et pathologiques d&#233;finis par le NCCN (2024) : Schmults et al., 2023 - Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network [7]&lt;/caption&gt; &lt;thead&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th scope=&#034;col&#034;&gt;Faible risque&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th scope=&#034;col&#034;&gt;Haut risque&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style=&#034;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&#034;&gt; &lt;p&gt;Localisation / Taille :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;- Zone L : Tronc et membres &lt; 20 mm&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;- Zone M &lt; 10 mm&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style=&#034;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&#034;&gt; &lt;p&gt;Localisation /Taille :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;- Zone H &lt;u&gt;&gt;&lt;/u&gt; 6 mm&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;- Zone M &lt;u&gt;&gt;&lt;/u&gt; 10 mm&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;- Zone L &lt;u&gt;&gt;&lt;/u&gt; 20 mm&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;Bords cliniques : bien d&#233;finis&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Bords cliniques : mal d&#233;finis&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;Type histologique : nodulaire ou superficiel&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Type histologique : agressif (micronodulaires, infiltrant, scl&#233;rodermiforme, basosquameux)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;Statut tumoral : primitif&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Statut tumoral : r&#233;cidivant&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;Pas d'immunosuppression&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Immunosuppression&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;Pas d'ant&#233;c&#233;dents de radioth&#233;rapie locale&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Ant&#233;c&#233;dents de radioth&#233;rapie locale&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;Pas d'invasion p&#233;ri-nerveuse&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Pr&#233;sence d'invasion p&#233;ri-nerveuse&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;1.	CAI YX, RONG M. Global basal cell carcinoma in 55+ population : 1990&#8211; 2021 burden risk-factor trends and 2050 forecast. Front Oncol, 2025, 15 : 1702129.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2.	SEND&#205;N-MART&#205;N M, BUENO-MOLINA RC, HERN&#193;NDEZ-RODR&#205;GUEZ JC, CAYUELA L, CAYUELA A, PEREYRA-RODR&#205;GUEZ JJ. Incidence and mortality of nonmelanoma skin cancer in Europe : current trends and challenges. Clin Transl Oncol, 2026, 28(1) : 302&#8209;319.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3.	HAMMAS K, NARDIN C, BOYER S, MICHEL C, AUBIN F, WORONOFF AS. Incidence and trends of first basal cell carcinomas in France between 1980 and 2019 : a regional population-based registry study. Br J Dermatol, 2024, 191(4) : 519&#8209;528.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;4.	PERIS K, FARGNOLI MC, KAUFMANN R, ARENBERGER P, BASTHOLT L et al. European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline for diagnosis and treatment of basal cell carcinoma&#8212;update 2023. Eur J Cancer, 2023, 192 : 113254.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;5.	NASR I, MCGRATH EJ, HARWOOD CA, BOTTING J, BUCKLEY P et al. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of adults with basal cell carcinoma 2021*. Br J Dermatol, 2021, 185(5) : 899&#8209;920.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;6.	AGENCE NATIONALE D'ACCREDITATION ET D'EVALUATION EN SANTE (ANAES). Prise en charge diagnostique et th&#233;rapeutique du carcinome basocellulaire de l'adulte. Ann Pathol, 2004, 24(5) : 460&#8209;472.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;7.	SCHMULTS CD, BLITZBLAU R, AASI SZ, ALAM M, AMINI A et al. Basal Cell Skin Cancer, Version 2.2024, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2023, 21(11) : 1181&#8209;1203.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;10.	ZANETTI R, ROSSO S, MARTINEZ C, NIETO A, MIRANDA A et al. Comparison of risk patterns in carcinoma and melanoma of the skin in men : a multi-centre case&#8211;case&#8211;control study. Br J Cancer, 2006, 94(5) : 743&#8209;751.&lt;/p&gt;
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		<title>Papular urticaria</title>
		<link>https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1747</link>
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		<dc:date>2026-05-12T09:46:38Z</dc:date>
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		<dc:creator>MISERY L.</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Prurigo mainly affects children aged between 2 and 7 years. The predisposing factors are atopy and a disadvantaged socio-economic background. It is characterized by outbreaks of very pruritic lesions on exposed areas of the skin, the lower limbs, the neck and the trunk. The arrangement of the lesions is sometimes linear. The elementary lesion is an erythematous papule that often has a small blister in the centre. These lesions may be associated with more atypical, crusty, bullous or (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?rubrique6" rel="directory"&gt;Diseases&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt;Prurigo mainly affects children aged between 2 and 7 years. The predisposing factors are atopy and a disadvantaged socio-economic background. It is characterized by outbreaks of very pruritic lesions on exposed areas of the skin, the lower limbs, the neck and the trunk. The arrangement of the lesions is sometimes linear. The elementary lesion is an erythematous papule that often has a small blister in the centre. These lesions may be associated with more atypical, crusty, bullous or pseudo-urticarial lesions. Secondary infection is common with the lesions then becoming papulopustular.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Prurigo is due to delayed hypersensitivity to environmental parasites. These are mainly mites, whether house dust mites such as &lt;em&gt;Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus&lt;/em&gt;, mites living on the surface of the skin of cats and dogs (&lt;em&gt;Sarcoptes scabiei&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Cheyletiella&lt;/em&gt;), or harvest mites such as &lt;em&gt;Trombiculidae&lt;/em&gt; (chiggers). Arthropods carried by domestic animals such as fleas can also cause prurigo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Treatment&lt;/em&gt; of prurigo is primarily symptomatic. The itching may be improved by the administration of antihistamines (anti-H1). It is preferable to use second generation anti-H1, which are less sedative than the older cholinergic anti-H1. Oxatomide (Tinset&lt;sup&gt;(r)&lt;/sup&gt; oral suspension) can be used regardless of age. Cetirizine (Zyrtec oral solution, Virlix&lt;sup&gt;(r)&lt;/sup&gt;) or loratadine (Clarityne&lt;sup&gt;(r)&lt;/sup&gt; syrup) may be prescribed in children over 2 years, and fexofenadine (Telfast&lt;sup&gt;(r)&lt;/sup&gt; 180 mg) or mizolastine from 12 years.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To avoid secondary infection from scratching, which is common, the children's nails should be cut and antiseptic solutions should be used in the bath.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt;In most cases, the delayed hypersensitivity reaction requires the use of class II or III topical corticosteroids. Short courses of systemic corticosteroids should only be used exceptionally.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since the hypersensitivity reaction is caused by parasites that do not remain on the skin, acaricide treatments for skin application such as benzyl benzoate and crotamiton have not proven effective [2]. When the parasites of domestic animals are involved, it is essential to treat the animals. The decrease in exposure to dust mites in homes involves the removal of carpets, rugs, curtains, too numerous stuffed toys and wool mattresses. The efficacy of these measures, typically proposed for the management of atopy, and that of anti-mite treatments (sprays, mattress covers and pillows) has not been evaluated in the management of prurigo.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Prurigo mainly affects children aged between 2 and 7 years. The predisposing factors are atopy and a disadvantaged socio-economic background. It is characterized by outbreaks of very pruritic lesions on exposed areas of the skin, the lower limbs, the neck and the trunk. The arrangement of the lesions is sometimes linear. The elementary lesion is an erythematous papule that often has a small blister in the centre. These lesions may be associated with more atypical, crusty, bullous or pseudo-urticarial lesions. Secondary infection is common with the lesions then becoming papulopustular.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Prurigo is due to delayed hypersensitivity to environmental parasites [1, 2]. These are mainly mites, whether house dust mites such as &lt;em&gt;Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus&lt;/em&gt;, mites living on the surface of the skin of cats and dogs (&lt;em&gt;Sarcoptes scabiei&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Cheyletiella&lt;/em&gt;), or harvest mites such as &lt;em&gt;Trombiculidae&lt;/em&gt; (chiggers). Arthropods carried by domestic animals such as fleas can also cause prurigo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &lt;em&gt;Treatment&lt;/em&gt; of prurigo is primarily symptomatic [2]. The itching may be improved by the administration of antihistamines (anti-H1). It is preferable to use second generation anti-H1, which are less sedative than the older cholinergic anti-H1. Oxatomide (Tinset&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt; oral suspension) can be used regardless of age. Cetirizine (Zyrtec oral solution, Virlix&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;) or loratadine (Clarityne&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt; syrup) may be prescribed in children over 2 years, and fexofenadine (Telfast&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt; 180 mg) or mizolastine from 12 years.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; To avoid secondary infection from scratching, which is common, the children's nails should be cut and antiseptic solutions should be used in the bath.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; In most cases, the delayed hypersensitivity reaction requires the use of class II or III topical corticosteroids. Short courses of systemic corticosteroids should only be used exceptionally.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Since the hypersensitivity reaction is caused by parasites that do not remain on the skin, acaricide treatments for skin application such as benzyl benzoate and crotamiton have not proven effective [2]. When the parasites of domestic animals are involved, it is essential to treat the animals. The decrease in exposure to dust mites in homes involves the removal of carpets, rugs, curtains, too numerous stuffed toys and wool mattresses. The efficacy of these measures, typically proposed for the management of atopy, and that of anti-mite treatments (sprays, mattress covers and pillows) has not been evaluated in the management of prurigo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURE&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;span class=&#034;HwtZe&#034; lang=&#034;en&#034;&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;jCAhz ChMk0b&#034;&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;ryNqvb&#034;&gt;The author has no financial conflict of interest with the pharmaceutical industry or laboratory or manufacturer of medical products or equipment for this chapter.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. JORIZZO JL, GATTI S, SMITH EB. Prurigo : a clinical review. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1981, &lt;em&gt;4 &lt;/em&gt;: 723-728.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2. VIRABEN R. Prurigo strophulus, une manifestation cutan&#233;e d'hypersensibilit&#233; aux arthropodes de l'environnement. Ann Dermatol V&#233;n&#233;r&#233;ol, 1996, 123 : 751-756.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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		<title>Chronic Prurigo / Prurigo nodularis</title>
		<link>https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1927</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1927</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-05-12T09:43:56Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>MISERY L.</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;GENERAL INFORMATION &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Chronic prurigo is often referred to as &#8220;prurigo nodularis,&#8221; but this designation is inappropriate because nodules are present in only 2 out of 3 cases [1]. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Chronic prurigo is therefore a disease defined by the presence of chronic pruritus for at least 6 weeks, a history and/or signs of repeated scratching, and multiple localized or generalized pruritic skin lesions &#8212; whitish or pinkish papules, nodules and/or plaques [2]. Chronic prurigo occurs as a result of (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?rubrique6" rel="directory"&gt;Diseases&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;GENERAL INFORMATION&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Chronic prurigo is often referred to as &#8220;prurigo nodularis,&#8221; but this designation is inappropriate because nodules are present in only 2 out of 3 cases [1].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Chronic prurigo is therefore a disease defined by the presence of chronic pruritus for at least 6 weeks, a history and/or signs of repeated scratching, and multiple localized or generalized pruritic skin lesions &#8212; whitish or pinkish papules, nodules and/or plaques [2].&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Chronic prurigo occurs as a result of neuronal sensitization to pruritus and the development of a vicious itch&#8211;scratch cycle. Chronic prurigo may occur in the context of chronic pruritus of dermatological origin, including atopic dermatitis, systemic, neurological, psychiatric/psychosomatic, mixed or undetermined origin. Sensitization to pruritus leads, in some patients, to this disease, which is now known to be associated with type 2 inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Five clinical forms or types have been described [2,3]: chronic prurigo may be papular, nodular, plaque-type, umbilicated or linear. These different types may coexist or follow one another. Strictly nodular prurigo is the most common form and usually the final form.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;h2&gt; GENERAL INFORMATION&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Chronic prurigo is often referred to as &#8220;prurigo nodularis,&#8221; but this designation is inappropriate because nodules are present in only 2 out of 3 cases [1].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Chronic prurigo is therefore a disease defined by the presence of chronic pruritus for at least 6 weeks, a history and/or signs of repeated scratching, and multiple localized or generalized pruritic skin lesions &#8212; whitish or pinkish papules, nodules and/or plaques [2].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Chronic prurigo occurs as a result of neuronal sensitization to pruritus and the development of a vicious itch&#8211;scratch cycle. Chronic prurigo may occur in the context of chronic pruritus of dermatological origin, including atopic dermatitis, systemic, neurological, psychiatric/psychosomatic, mixed or undetermined origin. Sensitization to pruritus leads, in some patients, to this disease, which is now known to be associated with type 2 inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Five clinical forms or types have been described [2,3]: chronic prurigo may be papular, nodular, plaque-type, umbilicated or linear. These different types may coexist or follow one another. Strictly nodular prurigo is the most common form and usually the final form.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The impact of chronic prurigo is major, as a study by the ESDaP &#8212; European Society for Dermatology and Psychiatry &#8212; showed that the impact on quality of life and the presence of psychiatric comorbidity &#8212; depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation &#8212; were the most frequent among the ten dermatological diseases studied in 3,635 patients across 13 European countries [4]. Levels of stigmatization and perceived stress are high [5, 6], while the impact on quality of life is substantial [6].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; TREATMENT&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The treatment of moderate to severe chronic prurigo is now based on dupilumab [7], which targets the interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 receptor, and nemolizumab [8], which targets the interleukin-31 receptor.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; In the event of treatment failure, gabapentinoids, ciclosporin, methotrexate, antidepressants, thalidomide or Janus kinase inhibitors may be proposed, as well as UVA or UVB phototherapy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Treatment of more localized forms involves topical corticosteroids or topical tacrolimus. Topical capsaicin may also be proposed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; In all cases, therapeutic education and psychological support, or even psychotherapy, may be proposed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURES&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The author reports conflicts of interest with the following laboratories: Abbvie, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer and Sanofi.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. MISERY L. Chronic prurigo. Br J Dermatol, 2022, 187: 464-471.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2. PEREIRA MP, STEINKE S, ZEIDLER C, FORNER C, RIEPE C et al. European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology European Prurigo Project: expert consensus on the definition, classification and terminology of chronic prurigo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2018, 32: 1059-1065.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3. PEREIRA MP, ZEIDLER C, NAU T, BOBKO S, EVERS AWM et al. Position statement: Linear prurigo is a subtype of chronic prurigo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2019, 33: 263-266.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;4. BRENAUT E, HALVORSEN JA, DALGARD FJ, LIEN L, BALIEVA F et al. The self-assessed psychological comorbities of prurigo in European patients: a multicenter study in 13 countries. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2019, 33: 157-162.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;5. FICHEUX AS, BRENAUT E, SCHUT C, DALGARD FJ, BEWLEY A et al. Predictors of perceived stress, perceived stigmatization, and body dysmorphia in patients with chronic prurigo/prurigo nodularis: Results from an observational cross-sectional multicenter European study in 17 countries. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2025, 92: 1056-1063.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;6. MISERY L, PATRAS DE CAMPAIGNO C, TAIEB C, TH&#201;NI&#201; C, MEYER C et al. Impact of chronic prurigo nodularis on daily life and stigmatization. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2023, 37: e908-e909.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;7. YOSIPOVITCH G, MOLLANAZAR N, ST&#196;NDER S, KWATRA SG, KIM BS et al. Dupilumab in patients with prurigo nodularis: two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials. Nat Med, 2023, 29: 1180-1190.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;8. ST&#196;NDER S, YOSIPOVITCH G, LEGAT FJ, LACOUR JP, PAUL C et al. Trial of Nemolizumab in Moderate-to-Severe Prurigo Nodularis. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382 :706-716.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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		<title>Prurit sine materia</title>
		<link>https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1544</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1544</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-05-07T10:20:45Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>MISERY L.</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Pruritus can be defined as &#8220;an unpleasant sensation that causes the desire to scratch&#8221; [1]. Pruritus sine materia is a pruritus that is not associated with causal dermatosis and it may be acute or chronic [4, 6]. The condition may occur in several circumstances, i.e. atopic tendency cholestasis or kidney failure, general disorders (blood diseases, endocrine diseases, etc.). Pruritus sine materia may also be induced by exogenous agents (chemical or medicinal products) or it may be neurogenic (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?rubrique6" rel="directory"&gt;Diseases&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pruritus can be defined as &#8220;an unpleasant sensation that causes the desire to scratch&#8221; [1]. Pruritus sine materia is a pruritus that is not associated with causal dermatosis and it may be acute or chronic [4, 6]. The condition may occur in several circumstances, i.e. atopic tendency cholestasis or kidney failure, general disorders (blood diseases, endocrine diseases, etc.). Pruritus sine materia may also be induced by exogenous agents (chemical or medicinal products) or it may be neurogenic or psychogenic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt; Pruritus is defined as &#8220;an unpleasant sensation that provokes the desire to scratch&#8221; [1]. Pruritus sine materia corresponds to pruritus without an associated causative dermatosis and may be acute or chronic [4, 6]. It may occur in many circumstances : atopic background, cholestasis or renal failure, systemic diseases &#8212; hematologic malignancies, endocrine diseases, etc. It may also be induced by exogenous agents &#8212; chemicals, drugs &#8212; or be neurogenic or psychogenic. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Specific pruritus receptors have been identified, either histaminergic or non-histaminergic &#8212; expressing PAR-2 or MRGPRX2. Pruritus appears to arise in free epidermal or subepidermal nerve endings. The information is then conveyed by A fibers and especially C fibers, and then follows the usual sensory pathways. Central integration is important and involves different areas of the brain &#8212; sensory areas but also motor and affective areas. Gate control exists at different levels, as for pain. Conversely, chronic pruritus is complicated by sensitization to pruritus and by autonomization of pruritus, which becomes a disease in itself.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Histamine is far from being the only mediator involved in pruritus and may even play no role in the majority of cases. Substance P, serotonin and prostaglandins have an important pathogenic role. Natural or exogenous opioids, cytokines such as interleukins 4, 13 and 31, or certain proteases &#8212; cathepsin, tryptase &#8212; binding to PAR-2, or kinins &#8212; kallikrein, bradykinin &#8212; may induce pruritus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Clinical examination shows scratching lesions, sometimes prurigo papules or nodules, dermographism lesions, and lichenification. Associated cutaneous or systemic signs will guide the etiological diagnosis. A varnished appearance of the nails supports longstanding and intense pruritus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; History-taking should try to clearly distinguish what truly corresponds to pruritus from what corresponds to paresthesias or dysesthesias. It should specify the characteristics of the pruritus :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; date and mode of onset &#8212; sudden or progressive ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; triggering factors &#8212; stress, irritants, etc. ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; course &#8212; acute, paroxysmal or chronic ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; chronology &#8212; time of day, period of the year ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; intensity &#8212; impairment at work, in daily life, emotional life or sleep ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; topography and extension ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; aggravating factors &#8212; hypersudation, sport, baths, showers, meals &#8212; or relieving factors &#8212; cold, relaxation ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; associated context &#8212; diseases, toxic agents ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; links with objective signs &#8212; before, during or after cutaneous signs ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; presence or absence of collective pruritus ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; effects of treatments ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; impact on quality of life ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; psychological and social impact.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The etiological diagnosis is often made through history-taking and clinical examination. Depending on their findings, additional tests will be requested :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; a skin biopsy with direct immunofluorescence in elderly patients ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; laboratory tests : complete blood count, C-reactive protein, urea, creatinine, liver function tests, LDH, fasting blood glucose, serum calcium, serum iron, ferritin, TSH, protein electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis, HIV, HAV, HBV, HCV, amoeba and Toxocara serologies ; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; parasitological examination of stools ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasound.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; It is important to conduct a thorough etiological investigation, because treatment of pruritus is above all treatment of its cause.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; ETIOLOGIES&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; DRUG-INDUCES ORIGIN&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The list of drugs likely to induce pruritus sine materia is very long, although the imputability of most of them is unclear. Nevertheless, one should systematically look for all medications taken by the patient. Discontinuation of a drug may lead to resolution of the pruritus, but it is then necessary to know how to wait several weeks.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; UREMIC PRURITUS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Uremic pruritus is related to chronic renal failure, but not acute renal failure. It is therefore more frequent in hemodialysis patients. It is localized in one out of two cases. Treatment is difficult ; emollients and antihistamines give very disappointing results. UVB phototherapy often reduces pruritus, but its use must be limited in these patients, who are immunocompromised by renal failure and possible immunosuppressive treatments. Ciclosporin may sometimes reduce the intensity of pruritus, as may opioids that are mu-receptor antagonists and/or kappa-receptor agonists, difelikefalin having marketing authorization, or gabapentinoids &#8212; gabapentin, pregabalin.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; CHOLESTATIC PRURITUS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Pruritus is an early sign of chronic cholestasis and sometimes precedes the other cutaneous or non-cutaneous signs of liver diseases by several years. It intensifies at night and is often accompanied by skin pigmentation sparing the mid-dorsal area. The main causes of cholestatic pruritus are viral and drug-induced hepatitis and cholestasis of pregnancy. It may also be related to gallstones, pancreatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, genetic cholestases or a neoplastic origin, particularly pancreatic cancers and hepatic and pancreatic metastases. Alcoholic cirrhosis and hemochromatosis are not usually accompanied by pruritus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; In addition to treatment of the etiology, ursodeoxycholic acid or fibrates &#8212; bezafibrate in particular &#8212; are the reference treatments, cholestyramine &#8212; Questran&#174; &#8212; now being used much less often. Naltrexone &#8212; Revia&#174;, 50 mg/day &#8212; naloxone or nalfurafine and phototherapy may also be recommended. Management is now being transformed by IBAT inhibitors in genetic forms &#8212; Alagille syndrome, familial intrahepatic cholestases &#8212; or in certain very severe acquired forms, despite a high cost.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; HEMATOLOGIC PRURITUS &lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Generalized pruritus is a classic and early sign of lymphomas &#8212; 30% of patients &#8212; particularly Hodgkin disease. It is often more intense at night and generally classified, wrongly, as psychogenic pruritus or prurigo nodularis ; it is thought to be a poor prognostic factor. It is often associated with sweating and disappears during remissions. Etiological treatment is important. Gabapentin, pregabalin or mu-antagonists may be used, but anti-NK1 and anti-IL-31 agents appear to be the most promising.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; In myeloproliferative neoplasms &#8212; polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis &#8212; pruritus is often aquagenic or heat-related. It may precede the diagnosis by several years. Treatment is etiological, but also symptomatic with aspirin or, above all, PUVA therapy. Beta-blockers, pregabalin or gabapentin, mu-antagonists, aprepitant or serotonin reuptake inhibitors may also be of interest.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Cutaneous and systemic mastocytoses may be accompanied by pruritus, even in the absence of specific lesions, because of the release of numerous mediators, particularly histamine. Treatment is therefore based on antihistamines and/or treatments aimed at reducing the mast-cell burden &#8212; PUVA therapy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PARANEOPLASTIC PRURITUS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Pruritus is rare in cancers &#8212; 0.67% &#8212; and it is therefore not necessary to systematically search for cancer in the presence of isolated pruritus without any other associated sign. Pruritus may be associated with &#8220;solid&#8221; cancers, mainly when there is obstruction of the bile ducts. Small-cell anaplastic lung carcinomas may exceptionally cause pruritus through inappropriate PTH secretion. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome may be associated with localized pruritus &#8212; cutaneous amyloidosis or notalgia paresthetica. Generalized pruritus has been observed in carcinoid tumors and cancers of the breast, prostate, uterus or thyroid, but these are isolated cases and a simple coincidence cannot be excluded.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; ENDOCRINE PRURITUS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Frequent, gestational pruritus is often associated with cholestasis. It is mainly present at the end of pregnancy and resolves a few days &#8212; sometimes longer &#8212; after delivery. Pruritus of this type may also be observed when taking estrogen-progestin drugs or during premenstrual syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Hyperthyroidism is accompanied by pruritus in 10% of cases. It may be isolated or associated with urticaria. Hypothyroidism may be accompanied by pruritus related to skin dryness.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Diabetes is a classic cause of generalized pruritus sine materia, but is rather responsible for paresthesias. Pruritus is thought to be more closely associated with moderate hyperglycemia. It is related to small-fiber and/or large-fiber neuropathy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism may be associated with pruritus.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PRURITUS OF METABOLIC ORIGIN&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Pruritus associated with hypercalcemia generally occurs in a context of hyperparathyroidism, whereas pruritus related to hyperuricemia is in fact always related to a hematologic disease.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Iron deficiency is a relatively frequent cause of pruritus, generalized or anogenital. Pruritus precedes or accompanies anemia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; NEUROLOGICAL PRURITUS&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Several diseases of the central nervous system may give rise to pruritus : brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica &#8212; to be considered in the presence of pruritus associated with optic neuritis &#8212; strokes and aneurysms, brain abscesses, spinal cord lesions or compressions. However, neuropathic pruritus is mainly peripheral.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In notalgia paresthetica, there is localized pruritus and/or paresthesias in the back &#8212; T2&#8211;T6 dermatomes. Similar disorders have been described in other regions, such as cruralgia or meralgia paresthetica &#8212; L2&#8211;L4 dermatomes &#8212; or brachioradial pruritus &#8212; C4&#8211;C7 dermatomes. The treatment of choice is topical capsaicin, with two applications per day as a compounded preparation, or a single application of an 8% patch &#8212; Qutenza&#174; &#8212; which may be renewed after several months.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Small-fiber neuropathies cause multiple abnormal sensations, including pruritus. These sensations begin in the hands and feet and then spread to the entire integument during the course of the disease. Treatment is based on gabapentin and pregabalin, or duloxetine.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PRURITUS OF INFECTIOUS ORIGIN &lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;During HIV infection, pruritus is a frequent sign, isolated or associated with various cutaneous signs. Isolated pruritus should systematically prompt a search for HIV infection. Pruritus associated with HIV generally responds to phototherapy, or otherwise to treatment for neuropathic pruritus.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Isolated pruritus, or pruritus associated only with hypereosinophilia, should prompt a search for parasitosis : strongyloidiasis, filariasis, ascariasis, enterobiasis, trichuriasis, trichinosis, larva migrans, distomatosis, schistosomiasis, echinococcosis, hydatid cyst, taeniasis and especially toxocariasis.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; AQUAGENIC PRURITUS&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Occurring after contact with water, it may be isolated or associated with polycythemia, hypereosinophilic syndrome, lymphoblastic leukemia or myelodysplasia, these hematologic diseases sometimes being revealed years after the onset of pruritus. Alkalinization of water may be useful &#8212; 25 to 200 g of sodium bicarbonate in a bathtub. Aquagenic pruritus may be treated with H1-antihistamines &#8212; hydroxyzine in particular &#8212; UVB or UVA phototherapy, aspirin, propranolol, gabapentin/pregabalin or doxepin.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; SENSITIVE SKINS&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sensitive skin is defined by the occurrence of abnormal skin sensations, including pruritus, and/or erythema after exposure to factors that are not pathogenic in themselves : cold, heat, water, shampoos, cosmetics, soaps, wind, air conditioning, solar radiation or even emotions.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; SENILE PRURITUS&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This diagnosis is made in a subject over 70 years of age, after all other causes have been excluded. Pruritus is triggered by usual stimuli &#8212; heat, wool, etc. &#8212; or is permanent. Its pathophysiology is debated : skin dryness ? deafferentation ? accumulation of metabolic waste in the skin or nerves ? drug-induced pruritus ? Its treatment is very difficult, while its physical impact &#8212; prurigo &#8212; or psychological impact &#8212; depression &#8212; may be very significant. Application of emollients is nevertheless recommended.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PSYCHOGENIC PRURITUS&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This diagnosis must be made after exclusion of any organic cause, but it is not a diagnosis of exclusion. Clinical elements supporting a psychiatric disorder or a role of stress are also needed, according to diagnostic criteria. It should systematically be discussed initially with the patient as one of the possible causes.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Treatment with hydroxyzine is often effective. Psychotherapy or psychotropic treatment, particularly with serotonin reuptake inhibitors, doxepin, duloxetine or venlafaxine, may be undertaken.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In any event, there is a psychic component to all pruritus, whether organic or not, insofar as the experience of pruritus varies greatly from one subject to another and is often unrelated to the presumed intensity according to the etiology.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; TREATMENT&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As far as possible, the cause of pruritus should of course be eliminated, and treatment should begin with etiological treatment. Some symptomatic treatments will also be decided according to the etiology &#8212; see above [7].&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;HYGIENIC AND DIETARY ADVICE&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Anything that may promote the onset or exacerbation of pruritus should also be avoided. For washing, short showers should be preferred to baths, detergents and acidic soaps should be avoided, and superfatted or&lt;br&gt;
alkaline soaps should be favored. Emollients may be applied after washing and applications may be repeated during the day. Cotton is better suited than other textiles, particularly wool. Clothing that is too tight or too warm should be avoided. Stimulants &#8212; alcohol, coffee, tea, spices &#8212; hot drinks and acidic fruits may also promote pruritus. To avoid scratching lesions, the nails should be cut short. Heat should be avoided.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;LOCAL TREATMENTS&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Local antipruritic agents often provide temporary but appreciable relief. In paroxysmal pruritus, the patient should be taught to replace scratching with their application, which may help break the vicious pruritus&#8211;scratching&#8211;pruritus cycle.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cool water is the simplest local antipruritic agent. Commercially available cosmetics may have an antipruritic effect &#8212; Atopicontrol&lt;br&gt;
Intensive&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, SOS Atopy Spray&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, Gel de Calamine&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, Sensinol&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, Trixera&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, Xeracalm&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, Pruriced&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, Hydralin&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, etc. These products often contain glycine, polidocanol, calamine, menthol derivatives or essential fatty acids.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Capsaicin [5] may be very effective. It is not marketed in France, but compounded preparations are possible. The first applications may be&lt;br&gt;
somewhat painful, but sedation is obtained within a few days. In localized neuropathic pruritus, 8% patches &#8212; Qutenza&#174; &#8212; may be very effective for several months after a single application.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Doxepin [2], through its antihistaminic and anticholinergic action, is also effective. For the time being, this antidepressant is not marketed in France in topical form &#8212; 5% compounded preparation.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Topical corticosteroids are essentially effective on dermatological lesions. They therefore have little place in pruritus sine materia, and their use should nevertheless be limited in time and area. It is even increasingly thought that they may maintain pruritus sine materia. Topical tacrolimus &#8212; Protopic&#174; &#8212; appears more suitable because it also acts on nerve endings.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ultraviolet A or B has an antipruritic action in very varied circumstances. Sessions should be followed by application of emollients because xerosis secondary to PUVA therapy or UVB therapy is a classic cause of pruritus.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt;SYSTEMIC TREATMENTS&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since histamine is one of the main mediators of pruritus, antihistamines are the most widely used drugs. Nevertheless, they are partially or totally ineffective in some forms of pruritus. First-generation H1-antihistamines are sedating, whereas second-generation ones are not. Nevertheless, first-generation agents are particularly indicated when there is a psychogenic component. Antihistamines are very well tolerated. Those with an anticholinergic action are contraindicated in cases of glaucoma or prostatic adenoma.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Several psychotropic drugs have an antipruritic action, whether they are anxiolytics &#8212; hydroxyzine &#8212; or antidepressants &#8212; doxepin, fluoxetine, paroxetine, duloxetine or others. They are particularly indicated when the psychogenic component of pruritus is significant, but not only in that context.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Naloxone, naltrexone and nalfurafine, opioid antagonists, are mainly used in pruritus of hepatic or renal origin, but their indications should extend to all pruritus sine materia [3]. Now indicated in hemodialysis patients, difelikefalin &#8212; Kapruvia&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt; &#8212; should see its indications broadened [8].&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gabapentin &#8212; Neurontin&#174; &#8212; and pregabalin &#8212; Lyrica&#174; &#8212; are effective in pruritus with a neurogenic component.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A marketing authorization specific to cholestatic pruritus exists for IBAT inhibitors [9].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dupilumab &#8212; Dupixent&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt; &#8212; and nemolizumab &#8212; Nemluvio&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt; &#8212; are indicated in chronic prurigo [10] and could therefore be effective in certain cases of isolated chronic pruritus.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Acupuncture, crenotherapy, relaxation techniques, hypnosis, psychotherapies &#8212; psychoanalysis, supportive or behavioral psychotherapy &#8212; or even placebos sometimes have a remarkable effect. In all cases, it is important to listen to the patient and to dismantle the infernal pruritus&#8211;anxiety- or depression-inducing experience&#8211;pruritus cycle.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLORURES&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The author reports conflicts of interest with the following laboratories : Abbvie, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer and Sanofi.&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br type=&#034;_moz&#034;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. BERNHARD JD. Itch. Mechanisms and management of pruritus. New York, Mac Graw-Hill, 1994, 454 pages.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2. DRAKE LA, FALLON JD, SOBER A AND THE DOXEPIN STUDY GROUP. Relief of pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis after treatment with topical doxepin cream. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1994, 31 : 613-616.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3. METZE D, REIMANN S, BEISSERT S, LUGER T. Efficacy and safety of naltrexone, an oral opiate receptor antagonist, in the treatment of pruritus in internal and dermatological diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1999, 41 : 533-539.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;4. MISERY L, STAENDER S. Pruritus, 2nd edition. London, Springer-Verlag, 2017.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;5. ANDERSEN HH, MARKER JB, HOECK EA, ELBERLING J, ARENDT-NIELSEN L. Antipruritic effect of pretreatment with topical capsaicin 8% on histamine- and cowhage-evoked itch in healthy volunteers: a randomized, vehicle-controlled, proof-of-concept trial. Br J Dermatol, 2017, 177: 107-116.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;6. YOSIPOVITCH G, DAVID M. The diagnostic and therapeutic approach to idiopathic generalized pruritus. Int J Dermatol, 1999, 38 : 881-887.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;7. WEISSHAAR E, SZEPIETIOWSKI JC, DARSOW U, MISERY L et coll. European guideline on pruritus. Acta Derm Venereol, 2012, 92: 563-581.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;8. FISHBANE S, JAMAL A, MUNERA C, WEN W, MENZAGHI F et al. A Phase 3 Trial of Difelikefalin in Hemodialysis Patients with Pruritus. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382: 222-232.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;9. EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF THE LIVER. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on genetic cholestatic liver diseases. J Hepatol, 2024, 81: 303-325.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;10. MISERY L. Chronic prurigo. Br J Dermatol, 2022, 187: 464-471.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Actinic prurigo</title>
		<link>https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1838</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1838</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-05-07T09:21:09Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>MISERY L.</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;GENERAL INFORMATION &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Relatively rare in Europe, actinic prurigo is an idiopathic photodermatosis, with a strong genetic determinism, since a variant of the HLA-DR4 allele &#8212; generally DRB1*0407 &#8212; is present in 90% of cases [1]. It is mainly seen in Native Americans. It is now considered to be a type IV hypersensitivity reaction to ultraviolet radiation, mediated primarily by Th2 cytokines [2]. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Clinically, it is characterized by [3]: &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&#8211; a female predominance; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&#8211; initial skin involvement (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?rubrique6" rel="directory"&gt;Diseases&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;GENERAL INFORMATION&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Relatively rare in Europe, actinic prurigo is an idiopathic photodermatosis, with a strong genetic determinism, since a variant of the HLA-DR4 allele &#8212; generally DRB1*0407 &#8212; is present in 90% of cases [1]. It is mainly seen in Native Americans. It is now considered to be a type IV hypersensitivity reaction to ultraviolet radiation, mediated primarily by Th2 cytokines [2].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Clinically, it is characterized by [3]:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8211; a female predominance;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8211; initial skin involvement of photo-exposed areas, which become covered with pruritic papules and plaques;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8211; possible extension to covered areas of the trunk, particularly the buttocks, when the flare persists;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8211; spring and summer flares and autumn remissions over several years;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8211; intense pruritus;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8211; a histological appearance of prurigo;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8211; photobiological investigations showing a normal or reduced MED and a repeated irradiation test that is most often positive;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8211; negative biological investigations for lupus or porphyria.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, the clinician should suspect actinic prurigo when:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8211; the eruption appears before puberty &#8212; 6&#8211;8 years of age;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8211; the delay between light exposure and onset is long, on the order of several hours;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8211; there are eczematiform vesicular lesions, but above all excoriated papules and nodules;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8211; the mucous membranes are involved: fissured, oozing oedematous cheilitis, hyperaemic and photophobic conjunctivitis;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#8211; flares persist for more than four weeks and leave scars after they resolve.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The differential diagnosis is mainly considered with polymorphous light eruption.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;h2&gt; GENERAL INFORMATION&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Relatively rare in Europe, actinic prurigo is an idiopathic photodermatosis, with a strong genetic determinism, since a variant of the HLA-DR4 allele &#8212; generally DRB1*0407 &#8212; is present in 90% of cases [1]. It is mainly seen in Native Americans. It is now considered to be a type IV hypersensitivity reaction to ultraviolet radiation, mediated primarily by Th2 cytokines [2].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Clinically, it is characterized by [3]:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; a female predominance;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; initial skin involvement of photo-exposed areas, which become covered with pruritic papules and plaques;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; possible extension to covered areas of the trunk, particularly the buttocks, when the flare persists;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; spring and summer flares and autumn remissions over several years;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; intense pruritus;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; a histological appearance of prurigo;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; photobiological investigations showing a normal or reduced MED and a repeated irradiation test that is most often positive;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; negative biological investigations for lupus or porphyria.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; However, the clinician should suspect actinic prurigo when:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; the eruption appears before puberty &#8212; 6&#8211;8 years of age;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; the delay between light exposure and onset is long, on the order of several hours;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; there are eczematiform vesicular lesions, but above all excoriated papules and nodules;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; the mucous membranes are involved: fissured, oozing oedematous cheilitis, hyperaemic and photophobic conjunctivitis;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; flares persist for more than four weeks and leave scars after they resolve.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The differential diagnosis is mainly considered with polymorphous light eruption.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The physical and psychological impact is significant among Native Americans living at altitude in intertropical regions [4]; they suffer from extensive and chronic, lichenified and scarring lesions, with eyebrow alopecia, intense pruritus, major photophobia and sometimes a leonine facies. The impact is, by contrast, more modest in Europe, although concern may be greater in familial forms with autosomal dominant transmission and low penetrance, while pruritus remains disabling [5].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; TREATMENT AND PATIENT INFORMATION&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The patient should be informed of the photo-induced nature of the condition over a long period of the year, from early spring to late autumn, and the importance of cosmetic and clothing-based photoprotection measures should be emphasized. The many treatments proposed to date are generally disappointing:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; UVA or UVB TL01 phototherapy, at very gradually increasing doses;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; thalidomide at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; synthetic antimalarials;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; ciclosporin;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8211; gabapentin.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The arrival of dupilumab and Janus kinase inhibitors appears likely to transform the management of this disease [2].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURES&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;span class=&#034;HwtZe&#034; lang=&#034;en&#034;&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;jCAhz ChMk0b&#034;&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;ryNqvb&#034;&gt;The author reports conflicts of interest with the following laboratories: Abbvie, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer and Sanofi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. GRABCZYNSKA SA, McGREGOR JM, KONDEATIS E et al. Actinic prurigo and polymorphous light eruption : common pathogenesis and the importance of HLA-DR4/DRB1*0407. Br J Dermatol, 1999, 140 : 232-236.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2. LARNEY C, LEE P, HOLMEZ Z, DANIEL BS, BAKER C, FOLEY P. Shedding light on actinic prurigo: a systematic review on emerging therapies. Australas J Dermatol, 2026, 67(2): 69-74.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3. PILE HD, CRANE SJ. Actinic prurigo. Stat Pearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing; 2018- 2018 Apr 29. &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499957/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499957/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;4. HOJYO-TOMOKA T, VEGA-MEMIJE E, GRANADOS J et al. Actinic prurigo : an update. Int J Dermatol, 1995, 34 : 380-384.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;5. RYBOJAD M, MORAILLON I, MANCIET JR et al. Prurigo actinique de l'enfant : 3 cas dans une fratrie avec association au HLA-DR0407. Ann Dermatol V&#233;n&#233;r&#233;ol, 1998, 125 : 18-20.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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		<title>Xeroderma pigmentosum</title>
		<link>https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1566</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1566</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-05-06T13:29:22Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>CANU D. &amp; MORICE-PICARD F.</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Chapter written with the help of the EADV, the Fondation Ren&#233; Touraine and the Therapeutics in Dermatology OVERVIEW &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hypersensitivity to sun exposure and a several thousand-fold increase in the risk of developing ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin and mucous membrane cancers. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
XP was initially described in the 19th century but only later the mechanistic link between UV hypersensitivity, DNA (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?rubrique6" rel="directory"&gt;Diseases&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt;Chapter written with the help of the &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.eadv.org/&#034;&gt;EADV&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.fondation-r-touraine.org&#034;&gt;Fondation Ren&#233; Touraine&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href='https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/'&gt;Therapeutics in Dermatology &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;OVERVIEW&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hypersensitivity to sun exposure and a several thousand-fold increase in the risk of developing ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin and mucous membrane cancers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;XP was initially described in the 19th century but only later the mechanistic link between UV hypersensitivity, DNA repair abnormalities, somatic mutations and skin cancer was established. Due to genetic defects, patients with XP have a reduced DNA repair capacity, allowing UV-induced lesions to persist and cause skin cancer. XP is characterized by severe actinic changes leading to early onset of skin cancers, various ocular manifestations and occasional neurological abnormalities. Both genotypes and phenotypes can be quite variable, making clinical and molecular-genetic diagnostics challenging. Optimal therapy includes avoidance of sun exposure and diagnosis and treatment of the associated neoplasms.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;XP exhibits a significant phenotypic variability and genotype&#8211;phenotype correlations are particularly complicated as clinical manifestations are not predictable according to the type of XP gene defect. There are, however, common denominators to all XP variants: photophobia, skin hypersensitivity to UV radiation, actinic damage to the skin, cancer of UV-exposed areas of the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes and mouth and, in some patients, progressive neurological degeneration. Mutations in XP genes result in different clinical entities. Photosensitivity, neurological abnormalities and skin cancer are important pathological features which can be used to distinguish between three archetypes: XP, trichothiodystrophy and Cockayne syndrome. There are several related or overlapping disorders with similar features that form a family of syndromes involving neural, oncologic, cutaneous, developmental and other abnormalities. Individuals with XP present with a variety of signs depending on the severity of their disease.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Skin:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At birth an individual's skin is healthy but cutaneous signs and symptoms usually emerge in children under the age of 2 years. Signs of premature aging of the skin are almost universal with freckle and lentigo-like pigmentary changes in sun-exposed areas. Actinic changes accumulate leading to poikiloderma, characterized by patches of hyper and hypopigmentation, atrophy and telangiectasias.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;XP patients under 20 years have a 10.000-fold increased risk for basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and a 2,000-fold increased melanoma risk compared to healthy subjects. XP patients can develop hundreds of skin cancers. The mean age at diagnosis of skin cancer is 8 years but may already have developed by the third or fourth year of life.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eyes:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Between 40% and 80% of individuals with XP have ocular abnormalities, caused by UV-induced DNA alteration to epithelial cells of the conjunctiva, cornea, lens and eyelid. Patients may have photophobia, conjunctivitis, keratitis that may lead to corneal opacification, cataract and pterygium formation, hyperpigmentation of the eyelids and loss of eyelashes. There is also a 1000-fold increased risk for malignancies involving sun-exposed tissues of the eye.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nervous system:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Between 20% and 30% of patients with XP develop neurological abnormalities, with variable age of onset, severity and rate of progression. It is presumed to be a consequence of DNA damage induced by oxidative metabolism, causing apoptosis with progressive loss of neurons.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Neurological involvement in XP includes progressive sensorineural hearing loss, cognitive decline, speech and gait disturbances, loss of fine motor control and dysphagia. XP patients under 20 years have an approximately 50-fold increase in the risk of brain and other central nervous system cancers. Neurological degeneration was shown to be the second cause of death in XP patients.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Default&#034;&gt;XP is also associated with leukoplakia, erythroplakia and a 100.000-fold increased risk for tongue cancers. SCC of the tip of the tongue affects patients younger than 20 years of age and runs a slowly progressive course. Higher incidences of actinic cheilitis and SCC of the lip have also been described.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Individuals with XP are also at a 10 to 20-fold increased risk for other internal malignancies including sarcomas, lung, uterine, breast, pancreatic, gastric, renal and testicular tumors, as well as leukemias.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;WHO GETS AND CAUSES&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;XP occurs worldwide, affecting all ethnic groups and phototypes. Although geographically variable, the general prevalence of XP is approximately 1:250 000.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The role of UV radiation as a cause of skin cancer and the importance of an intact DNA repair system in providing protection are well-known and both are particularly well demonstrated in XP patients, where UV damage leads to an increased frequency and early onset of both non-melanoma skin cancer and melanoma. In fact, the human genome is constantly exposed to endo and exogenous threats to the integrity of DNA and UV light is one of the most common causes of DNA damage. Patients with XP have molecular defects in the genes of the components of the pathway of nucleotide excision repair (NER). This cascade, a multi-step mechanism associated with at least 28 genes, aims to recognize and repair UV-induced helix-distorting lesions of DNA. These defects cause hypersensitivity to UV radiation, with accumulation of unrepaired UV-induced DNA damage, which either promotes cellular apoptosis contributing to accelerated skin and ocular aging, or promotes cellular transformation resulting in the development of cancer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Diagnosis of XP is usually achieved clinically and confirmed at the molecular level. XP clinical criteria include the presence of a xerotic, hyper and/or hypopigmented, slightly scaly skin on sun-exposed areas, acute burning on minimal sun exposure, early onset of severe actinic changes and numerous premalignant and malignant skin lesions. Molecular genetic testing for mutations in the XP genes is available to confirm the diagnosis. For the molecular diagnosis of XP, functional DNA-repair assays, gene and protein expression analyses, as well as sequence analyses of the affected genes, may be utilized. The diagnosis of patients with XP requires the cooperation of various clinical specialities, imaging methods as well as human genetics.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The treatment of XP is challenging because it is a multisystem disease, there are no causative treatment options available and, usually, by the time of diagnosis significant tissue damage has already occurred. For optimal care a patient with XP should be followed regularly by a team of physicians according to the severity of an individual's clinical disease. Early diagnosis is of utmost importance and immediate implementation of strict and consistent UV-protective measures is mandatory. Regular examination of the skin with early diagnosis and treatment of pre-malignant and malignant lesions should be undertaken to improve prognosis. XP-associated cutaneous, ocular and oral lesions should be treated according to the standard therapy guidelines, including topical therapies, electrodessication and curettage or surgical excision. High-dose oral retinoids can reduce the number of skin tumors occurring. However, due to the predictable toxic systemic effects, it should be used only in patients with high numbers of newly developed tumors. Resurfacing procedures like full-thickness grafting, dermabrasion and chemical peels and the topical application of xenogenic repair enzymes in cream form (photolyase or T4 endonuclease, a bacterial DNA repair enzyme) have been shown to be effective as additional skin cancer prophylaxis in patients with XP. Recently, vismodegib, an oral inhibitor of the hedgehog signaling pathway, showed promising results in the treatment of nodular basal cell carcinoma, and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 therapy was very effective in inducing regression of melanoma metastases and also non-melanoma skin cancer, especially in metastatic basal cell carcinoma with amplification of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1.The role of gene therapy at this point is unclear and further research is necessary to evaluate its clinical applicability.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;TIPS FOR MANAGING&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Preventative measures must begin immediately in childhood. After the diagnosis is made, the family must be advised about XP and methods of skin and eye protection, instructive materials for the school must be provided and contact with patient support groups can be helpful in identifying resources for the family. A broad avoidance of sun exposure is obligatory, including the use of sunscreens with high factor ratings, long-sleeved protective clothing, wide-brimmed hats and UV-absorbing eye glasses when outdoors. It is also advisable to use films with UV filters on window glass and to check the environmental UV level with UV-measuring devices. All sources of UV radiation in the home, school or work environment should be identified and eliminated, if possible. Patients with XP are put at risk by exposure even to low-level sources of UV radiation and should implement precautions while indoors, protecting from fluorescent, halogen and mercury-vapour lights and, preferably, sitting away from windows. Proper protection from sunlight may predispose to vitamin D deficiency and these patients should routinely be started on supplementation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Individuals should be taught to recognize new lesions and monitor for any changes, including size and color, in pre-existing skin lesions. Complete photo documentation of the entire skin surface might be particularly valuable in the early detection of skin cancer in patients with XP. Eye examinations must be performed periodically and, frequently associated with a delay in diagnosis, neurological involvement must be monitored, with special emphasis on detection and management of hearing loss. Other precautions XP patients must be advised about include the avoidance of smoking and second hand smoke and perioperative protection from damaging light if surgery is required, as well as avoidance of all drugs that harm DNA.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Genetic testing can be used for confirmation of diagnosis, not only in patients but also in utero and for future pregnancy planning.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Prognosis varies with the severity of the disorder, the success in avoiding UV light and the efficacy of clinical vigilance. The lack of implementation of sun-protection measures in a climate with intense sunlight exposure results in a markedly reduced life expectancy. However, the initiation of UV-protective measures at an early stage combined with access to modern medical care, especially in the absence of neurological disease, creates the possibility of a normal lifespan for patients with XP.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Althought some accomplishments have been fulfilled, there is still a long way to go. At this point, the most appropriate therapy for XP is early initiation of protection against UV light and continued vigilance for the development of new skin lesions and subsequent treatment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Feller L, Wood NH, Motswaledi MH, Khammissa RA, Meyer M, Lemmer J. Xeroderma pigmentosum : a case report and review of the literature. J Prev Med Hyg. 2010 ;51:87-91.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lehmann J, Seebode C, Martens MC, Emmert S. Xeroderma Pigmentosum &#8211; Facts and Perspectives. Anticancer Res. 2018 ;38:1159-64.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DiGiovanna J, Kraemer K. Shining A Light On Xeroderma Pigmentosum. J Invest Dermatol. 2012 ;132:785&#8211;96&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lichon V, Khachemoune A. Xeroderma pigmentosum : beyond skin cancer. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007 ;6(3):281-8.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lehmann J, Schubert S, Emmert S. Xeroderma pigmentosum : diagnostic procedures, interdisciplinary patient care, and novel therapeutic approaches. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2014 ;12(10):867-72.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;LINKS&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.genodermatoses-network.org/spip.php?rubrique168&#034;&gt;Genodermatoses &amp; Rare Skin Disoders Network&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Xeroderma-Pigmentosum.htm&#034;&gt;www.patient.co.uk/Xeroderma-Pigmentosum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.xps.org/&#034;&gt;www.xps.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.rarediseases.org/rare-disease-information/rare-diseases/byID/339/viewAbstract&#034;&gt;www.rarediseases.org/rare-disease-information&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.xpfamilysupport.org/&#034;&gt;www.xpfamilysupport.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;h2&gt; INTRODUCTION&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) refers to a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders corresponding, in the vast majority of cases, to a defect in the enzymatic DNA repair systems [1]. Clinically, this manifests as marked photosensitivity complicated by skin cancers &#8212; melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma &#8212; as well as ocular complications.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The nucleotide excision repair genes involved in so-called classic forms of XP are named XPA to XPG, corresponding to different phenotypic presentations. For example, cutaneous involvement may be predominant &#8212; XP-C &#8212; or neurological disorders with poor prognosis may be associated &#8212; XP-A, XP-B, XP-D, XP-F and XP-G.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The frequency of XP varies, with a worldwide average of 1 case per 250,000 births [2], XP being much more frequent in Africa and Asia &#8212; 1 per 22,000 births in Japan &#8212; compared with Europe and the United States &#8212; 1&#8211;3 per 1,000,000 births.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; XP is related to mutations in genes encoding proteins of the DNA repair system &#8212; the NER system : Nucleotide Excision Repair. This gene differs according to the type of XP : XPA, ERCC3 for XP-B, XPC, ERCC2 for XP-D, DDB2 for XP-E, ERCC4 for XP-F and ERCC5 for XP-G.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; This is not true, however, for XP-V &#8212; XP variant &#8212; in which the genetic defect concerns a mutatio&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; n in the POLH gene encoding a DNA polymerase &#8212; Pol&#951; &#8212; capable of replicating UV-induced lesions with relatively high fidelity [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; There are different DNA repair systems. Nucleotide excision repair &#8212; NER &#8212; includes two different pathways :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8212; transcription-coupled repair, involved in the repair of UV-induced lesions present only on the transcribed strands of DNA ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8212; repair of lesions contained throughout the rest of the genome.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The difference between the two pathways lies in the mode of recognition of the lesion to be repaired. In TCR, it is the blockage of RNA polymerase II by the lesion that allows the cell to localize the lesion. In transcription-independent repair, recognition of the lesion, which alters the native structure of DNA, is performed by the XPC and XPE protein complex. After recognition of the lesion, a protein complex named TFIIH intervenes ; it has repair and transcription activity. This factor includes two DNA helicases &#8212; XPB and XPD &#8212; which allow the separation of the DNA strands at the site of the lesion. The remainder of repair takes place in the presence of the XPA factor and the two endonucleases XPF and XPG, which cut the damaged DNA strand on the 5&#8242; side and the 3&#8242; side, respectively. Once the lesion has been eliminated, DNA continuity is restored with a replicative DNA polymerase and a DNA ligase [3].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Thus, patients carrying mutations in XPC &#8212; the most frequent group worldwide &#8212; or in XPE have a deficiency in the repair of lesions across the whole genome but have effective transcription-coupled repair. These patients are particularly sensitive to UV radiation and develop skin tumors very early in the absence of photoprotection. By contrast, because TCR activity is preserved, no neurodevelopmental abnormality is generally observed. In the other XP groups, the presence of a deficiency in both DNA repair pathways entails the development of progressive neurological abnormalities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; CLINICAL FEATURES&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt; XP is associated with marked photosensitivity, the severity of which depends on the gene involved as well as environmental factors. These manifestations appear from the first sun exposures, the disease classically evolving in 3 stages [5] :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8212; The stages of persistent reythema :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; This is erythema of photo-exposed areas appearing from the first sun exposures. Compared with &#8220;sunburn,&#8221; it occurs with a delay after exposure and is persistent. The intensity of this erythema depends on the type of XP and the duration of exposure. It is associated with cutaneous xerosis and significant cheilitis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8212; The stage of dyschromia :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Pigmentary disorders appear over time and are often visible from&lt;br /&gt; the age of 1 year. Both hyperpigmented &#8220;ephelides-like&#8221; lesions and&lt;br /&gt; hypopigmented macules that may be sclerotic are found, together causing poikiloderma. Later, retractions develop in the periorificial region and may limit mouth and eyelid closure.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8212; The stage of cutaneous and mucosal tumors :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Tumors inevitably end up appearing over time ; some may be benign,&lt;br /&gt; precancerous or malignant. These lesions appear from early childhood and account for the severity of the disease.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The most frequent malignant cutaneous lesions are basal cell carcinomas &#8212; BCC &#8212; and squamous cell carcinomas &#8212; SCC.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; BCCs are mainly located on the face, particularly the nose, and appear earlier, at around 9 years of age on average, and in greater numbers [6].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; SCCs also affect photo-exposed areas as well as mucous membranes, such as the lower lip. Cutaneous SCC may evolve from actinic keratosis, which is a frequent precancerous lesion in XP. Keratoacanthoma is most often managed in the same way as SCC, despite its potential for spontaneous involution.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Melanomas are also frequently found in XP patients and are 2,000 times more frequent than in the general population. They occur later than carcinomas, from puberty onward. The most frequent form is lentigo maligna melanoma of the face. Follow-up using a dermatoscope for pigmented lesions is therefore essential.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; OPHTHALMOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Photophobia is the earliest sign in these patients and may sometimes be noticed even before cutaneous signs. Ophthalmological examination then reveals UV-induced involvement of the anterior segment, the severity of which is correlated with cutaneous involvement. Photophobia, which is associated with conjunctival hyperemia, gradually fades as corneal opacification appears.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The eyelid region is also the site of benign or malignant lesions, the occurrence of which threatens functional prognosis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Other complications of these ocular involvements are dry eye syndrome responsible for keratitis, corneal ulcers and ectropion.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; NEUROLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Neurological symptoms may occur in 14 to 40% of patients and generally begin later than cutaneous signs. The symptoms are not specific to XP and may vary according to the XP group to which the patient belongs. For example, XP-A is the group most frequently associated with these symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; When present, neurological signs tend to worsen over time, related to degeneration of central or peripheral neurons.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Possible symptoms in XP are :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8212; Intellectual disability : the most frequent sign, present in 80% of neurological disorders &#8212; mainly XP-A.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8212; Lenght-dependent sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8212; Pyramidal involment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8212; Other : cerebellar involvement, extrapyramidal involvement, epilepsy, sensorineural deafness.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; MANAGEMENT&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; A decision-making flowchart for the management of skin tumors is available in the 2021 PNDS (French &lt;span class=&#034;HwtZe&#034; lang=&#034;en&#034;&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;jCAhz ChMk0b&#034;&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;ryNqvb&#034;&gt;national diagnostic and treatment protocols) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;a class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; href=&#034;https://www.has-sante.fr/jcms/p_3293252/fr/xeroderma-pigmentosum&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.has-sante.fr/jcms/p_3293252/fr/xeroderma-pigmentosum&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PHOTOPROTECTION&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Prevention is essential in order to delay as much as possible the occurrence of skin cancers and UV-related ocular damage.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Photoprotection must be as complete as possible, combining :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8212; Clothing-based photoprotection : clothing should be as covering as possible, together with gloves, closed shoes and sunglasses. The association &#8220;Enfants de la lune&#8221; has developed a device to properly protect the face while preserving the visual field. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8212; Topical photoprotection : products with a sun protection factor greater than or equal to 50 &#8212; 50+ &#8212; should be used, with a sunscreen also protecting against UVA ; they should be reapplied very regularly during the day on photo-exposed areas.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8212; Time-based photoprotection : outdoor activities should be avoided, or particular caution should be exercised, during the periods of the day with the highest UV levels &#8212; 11 a.m.&#8211;4 p.m.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8212; Photoprotection of living environments : regarding lighting, neon tubes and bulbs that do not emit UV should be used &#8212; LED or compact fluorescent bulbs. It is also essential to install anti-UV filters on the windows of homes, classrooms and cars.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The objective being minimal/no UV exposure, lifelong vitamin D supplementation is essential.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; LOCAL TREATMENT&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt; Surgery&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; All suspicious lesions must be biopsied, then complete excision will be performed if melanoma or carcinoma &#8212; SCC or BCC &#8212; is confirmed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Excision margins should be adjusted according to the histological nature and the area concerned. Indeed, since excisions are frequent in XP, it is important to be tissue-sparing whenever possible, particularly on the face. If Mohs surgery is available, it allows margins to be limited as much as possible while ensuring that excision is microscopically complete.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Surgical treatment should be favored as first-line treatment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt; Radiotherapy&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; If the lesion is not amenable to surgery, alternative treatments should then be discussed. Radiotherapy in XP should be avoided as much as possible because of the risk of radiation-induced cancer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt; Topical treatment&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Regarding actinic keratoses, when the lesion is isolated, one cryotherapy session is sufficient. When there is a field of cancerization, treatment with imiquimod cream or topical 5-FU may be proposed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Squamous cell carcinomas in situ may be treated with 5-FU, and superficial BCCs of the trunk may also be treated with topical treatments such as 5-FU and imiquimod.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; MEDICAL TREATMENTS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt; Immunotherapy&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Anti-PD-1 antibodies have marketing authorization for unresectable head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, as well as metastatic SCCs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; They are also used in melanoma in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant and metastatic settings &#8212; potentially combined, in the latter situation, with an anti-CTLA-4 agent.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Their efficacy has been reported in several case reports and in a small English series of 22 patients [7], in which all patients initially had a partial or complete response.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt; Hedgehog inibitor&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; For locally advanced BCCs that are not amenable to surgery, Hedgehog inhibitors are then indicated &#8212; sonidegib, vismodegib. These molecules may also be used in the neoadjuvant setting in order to reduce tumor size and consider surgery again.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Case reports [8, 9] show good treatment efficacy, including one case without relapse with almost 2 years of follow-up after treatment discontinuation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Several adverse effects may be limiting : cramps, dysgeusia that may lead to anorexia and weight loss, asthenia, alopecia. This treatment must be accompanied by contraception if the person is of childbearing potential.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt; Chemotherapy&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Chemotherapy may be used for locally advanced or metastatic SCCs. Since the availability of immunotherapy in this indication, the various chemotherapies are increasingly often proposed as second-line treatment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Anti-EGFR-type treatments and/or platinum salts may be used after validation in a multidisciplinary team meeting. Their tolerability and the risk of adverse effects remain poorly known.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; FOLLOW-UP&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt; General&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The patient should be followed in a reference center, which will coordinate follow-up and management between the different specialties : the general practitioner, pediatrician, dermatologist, neurologist, ophthalmologist, etc. ; depending on the symptoms presented by the patient.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The objective of this follow-up is multiple :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8212; Monitoring for the occurrence of complications.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8212; Monitoring the efficacy, tolerability and adherence to treatments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &#8212; Therapeutic education of the patient and family.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt; Dermatological follow-up&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; A thorough dermatological examination should be performed every 3 to 6 months in order to detect possible cancerous or precancerous lesions and to offer early appropriate treatment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The use of dermoscopy during the clinical examination is recommended, particularly for pigmented lesions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Furthermore, it should be noted that since 2009, patients in France may obtain up to 1,300 euros per year in coverage for medical devices intended to ensure photoprotection &#8212; SPF 50+ sunscreen, sunglasses, gloves, face and neck protection masks, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt; Ophthalmological follow-up&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The frequency of monitoring will depend on the severity of the involvement and will therefore be adapted to each patient. In general, follow-up every 6 to 12 months is necessary.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt; Neurological follow-up&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; All patients should be referred at least once for an assessment by a neurologist. The need for specific follow-up will then be determined according to the symptoms presented by the patient.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Patients with neurological disorders are essentially from groups A, B, D and G. These forms therefore require neurological follow-up.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt; Endocrinological follow-up&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; XP patients develop thyroid nodules more frequently [10], particularly the XP-C group. The risk of thyroid cancer is higher in these patients and justifies follow-up every 1&#8211;2 years by ultrasound from the age of 10 years, and an annual thyroid assessment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Furthermore, patients with XP are at higher risk of premature ovarian insufficiency, the pathophysiology of which is poorly understood.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h4&gt; Screening for non-cutaneous neoplasia&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Several studies have described extracutaneous tumors in XP patients, particularly hematologic malignancies [11], carcinomas &#8212; lung, colon, thyroid, uterine &#8212; and low- or high-grade gliomas, particularly in XP-C [12].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; However, apart from thyroid ultrasound, which is recommended as stated above, no systematic screening is recommended.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURES&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this subject.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;7. FERNANDEZ ER, TAMURA D, KHAN SG, MOMEN S, FASSIHI H, SARKANY R et al. Retrospective study of efficacy and adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors in 22 xeroderma pigmentosum patients with metastatic or unresectable cancers. Front Oncol, 2023, 13: 1282823.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;8. FIFE D, LAITINEN MA, MYERS DJ, LANDSTEINER PB. Vismodegib Therapy for Basal Cell Carcinoma in an 8-Year-Old Chinese Boy with Xeroderma Pigmentosum. Pediatr Dermatol, 2017, 34(2): 163&#8209;165.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;9. SOURA E, PLAKA M, DESSINIOTI C, CHASAPI V, STEFANAKI C, ANTONIOU C et al. Use of vismodegib for the treatment of multiple basal cell carcinomas in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum. Pediatr Dermatol, 2018, 35(6): e334&#8209;e336.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;10. KOUATCHEU SD, MARKO J, TAMURA D, KHAN SG, LEE CR, DIGIOVANNA JJ et al. Thyroid nodules in xeroderma pigmentosum patients: a feature of premature aging. J Endocrinol Invest, 2021, 44(7): 1475&#8209;1482.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;11. SARASIN A. The French Cohort of DNA Repair-Deficient Xeroderma Pigmentosum Patients: Risk of Hematological Malignancies. Cancers, 2023, 15(10): 2706.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;12. NASRALLAH NA, WIESE BM, SEARS CR. Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Group C (XPC): Emerging roles in non-dermatologic malignancies. Front Oncol, 2022, 12: 846965.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Prurigo strophulus</title>
		<link>https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1275</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1275</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-03-30T07:40:30Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>MISERY L.</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Le terme fran&#231;ais de &#171; prurigo strophulus &#187; correspond au terme anglais de &#171; papular urticaria &#187;. Le prurigo strophulus touche surtout l'enfant de 2 &#224; 10 ans. Il est plus fr&#233;quemment rencontr&#233; en milieu urbain. Il est caract&#233;ris&#233; par des pouss&#233;es de l&#233;sions tr&#232;s prurigineuses, si&#233;geant sur les parties d&#233;couvertes, les membres inf&#233;rieurs, les points de striction et le tronc. Leur disposition est parfois lin&#233;aire. La l&#233;sion &#233;l&#233;mentaire est une papule &#233;ryth&#233;mateuse souvent centr&#233;e par une (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?rubrique1" rel="directory"&gt;Maladies&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Le terme fran&#231;ais de &#171; prurigo strophulus &#187; correspond au terme anglais de &#171; papular urticaria &#187;. Le prurigo strophulus touche surtout l'enfant de 2 &#224; 10 ans. Il est plus fr&#233;quemment rencontr&#233; en milieu urbain. Il est caract&#233;ris&#233; par des pouss&#233;es de l&#233;sions tr&#232;s prurigineuses, si&#233;geant sur les parties d&#233;couvertes, les membres inf&#233;rieurs, les points de striction et le tronc. Leur disposition est parfois lin&#233;aire. La l&#233;sion &#233;l&#233;mentaire est une papule &#233;ryth&#233;mateuse souvent centr&#233;e par une v&#233;sicule voire une bulle. Des l&#233;sions plus atypiques peuvent y &#234;tre associ&#233;es, cro&#251;telleuses ou pseudo-urticariennes. La surinfection est fr&#233;quente, les l&#233;sions devenant alors papulo-pustuleuses.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le prurigo strophulus est d&#251; &#224; une hypersensibilit&#233; cellulaire retard&#233;e &#224; des parasites de l'environnement. Il s'agit principalement d'acariens, que ce soient des acariens des poussi&#232;res de maison comme le &lt;em&gt;Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus&lt;/em&gt;, des chats et des chiens (sarcoptes, &lt;em&gt;Cheyletiella&lt;/em&gt;), de l'herbe comme les &lt;em&gt;Trubiculidae&lt;/em&gt; (ao&#251;tats). Des arthopodes comme les puces peuvent aussi &#234;tre en cause, ainsi que les punaises et m&#234;me parfois des moustiques.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le &lt;em&gt;traitement&lt;/em&gt; du prurigo strophulus est avant tout symptomatique. Le prurit peut &#234;tre am&#233;lior&#233; par la mise sous antihistaminiques (anti-H1). Les dermocortico&#239;des sont aussi tr&#232;s utiles. Pour &#233;viter la fr&#233;quente surinfection secondaire au grattage, il convient de couper les ongles de l'enfant et d'utiliser des solutions antiseptiques dans le bain.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La r&#233;action d'hypersensibilit&#233; &#233;tant due &#224; des parasites qui ne restent pas sur la peau, les traitements acaricides cutan&#233;s comme le benzoate de benzyle ou le crotamiton (Eurax&lt;sup&gt;(r)&lt;/sup&gt;) n'ont pas d&#233;montr&#233; leur efficacit&#233;. Lorsque le parasitisme des animaux domestiques est en cause, la d&#233;sinfection de ces derniers est indispensable. La diminution d'exposition aux acariens des maisons qui passe par la suppression des moquettes, tapis, doubles rideaux, peluches en trop grand nombre et matelas de laine. L'efficacit&#233; de ces mesures, classiquement propos&#233;es dans la prise en charge de l'atopie, et des traitements anti-acariens (sprays, housses pour matelas et oreillers) n'a pas &#233;t&#233; &#233;valu&#233;e dans la prise en charge du prurigo strophulus. L'&#233;limination des punaises et des puces est indispensable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt; Le terme fran&#231;ais de &#171; prurigo strophulus &#187; correspond au terme anglais de &#171; papular urticaria &#187; [1]. Le prurigo strophulus touche surtout l'enfant de 2 &#224; 10 ans. Il est plus fr&#233;quemment rencontr&#233; en milieu urbain [2]. Il est caract&#233;ris&#233; par des pouss&#233;es de l&#233;sions tr&#232;s prurigineuses, si&#233;geant sur les parties d&#233;couvertes, les membres inf&#233;rieurs, les points de striction et le tronc. Leur disposition est parfois lin&#233;aire. La l&#233;sion &#233;l&#233;mentaire est une papule &#233;ryth&#233;mateuse souvent centr&#233;e par une v&#233;sicule voire une bulle. Des l&#233;sions plus atypiques peuvent y &#234;tre associ&#233;es, cro&#251;telleuses ou pseudo-urticariennes. La surinfection est fr&#233;quente, les l&#233;sions devenant alors papulo-pustuleuses.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Le prurigo strophulus est d&#251; &#224; une hypersensibilit&#233; cellulaire retard&#233;e &#224; des parasites de l'environnement [3, 4]. Il s'agit principalement d'acariens, que ce soient des acariens des poussi&#232;res de maison comme le &lt;em&gt;Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus&lt;/em&gt;, des chats et des chiens (sarcoptes, &lt;em&gt;Cheyletiella&lt;/em&gt;), de l'herbe comme les &lt;em&gt;Trubiculidae&lt;/em&gt; (ao&#251;tats). Des arthopodes comme les puces peuvent aussi &#234;tre en cause, ainsi que les punaises et m&#234;me parfois des moustiques.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Le &lt;em&gt;traitement&lt;/em&gt; du prurigo strophulus est avant tout symptomatique [2]. Le prurit peut &#234;tre am&#233;lior&#233; par la mise sous antihistaminiques (anti-H1). Les dermocortico&#239;des sont aussi tr&#232;s utiles [1]. Pour &#233;viter la fr&#233;quente surinfection secondaire au grattage, il convient de couper les ongles de l'enfant et d'utiliser des solutions antiseptiques dans le bain.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; La r&#233;action d'hypersensibilit&#233; &#233;tant due &#224; des parasites qui ne restent pas sur la peau, les traitements acaricides cutan&#233;s comme le benzoate de benzyle ou le crotamiton (Eurax&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;) n'ont pas d&#233;montr&#233; leur efficacit&#233; [2]. Lorsque le parasitisme des animaux domestiques est en cause, la d&#233;sinfection de ces derniers est indispensable. La diminution d'exposition aux acariens des maisons qui passe par la suppression des moquettes, tapis, doubles rideaux, peluches en trop grand nombre et matelas de laine. L'efficacit&#233; de ces mesures, classiquement propos&#233;es dans la prise en charge de l'atopie, et des traitements anti-acariens (sprays, housses pour matelas et oreillers) n'a pas &#233;t&#233; &#233;valu&#233;e dans la prise en charge du prurigo strophulus. L'&#233;limination des punaises et des puces est indispensable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Dans des cas r&#233;sistant &#224; cette prise en charge, une immunoth&#233;rapie sp&#233;cifique sous-cutan&#233;e pourrait &#234;tre propos&#233;e si une sensibilisation &#224; une punaise de lit est mise en &#233;vidence [5].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; D&#201;CLARATION DE CONFLIT D'INT&#201;R&#202;TS&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; L'auteur ne pr&#233;sente, pour ce chapitre, aucun conflit d'int&#233;r&#234;t financier avec l'industrie pharmaceutique ou laboratoire ou fabriquant de produits ou de mat&#233;riels m&#233;dicaux.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. ABASQ-THOMAS C, MISERY L. Conduite &#224; tenir devant un prurit chez l'enfant. Perfectionnement en P&#233;diatrie, 2025, 8 : 33-41. &lt;a href=&#034;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.perped.2025.01.009&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.perped.2025.01.009&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2. HWANG SW, SVOBODA TJ, DE JONG IJ et al. Bed bug infestation in a urban environment. Emerg Infect Dis, 2005, 11 : 533-538.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3. DEMAIN JG. Papular urticaria and things that bite in the night. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep, 2003, 3 : 291-303.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;4. VIRABEN R. Prurigo strophulus, une manifestation cutan&#233;e d'hypersensibilit&#233; aux arthropodes de l'environnement. Ann Dermatol V&#233;n&#233;r&#233;ol, 1996, 123 : 751-756.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;5. COLLADO CHAGOYA R, HERN&#193;NDEZ-ROMERO J, VELASCO-MEDINA AA, VEL&#193;ZQUEZ-S&#193;MANO G. Pilot study : specific immunotherapy in patients with Papular urticaria by Cimex lectularius. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol, 2022, 54 : 258-264.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Prurigo chronique / Prurigo nodulaire</title>
		<link>https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1926</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1926</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-03-25T13:06:02Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>MISERY L.</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;G&#201;N&#201;RALIT&#201;S &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Le prurigo chronique est souvent appel&#233; &#171; prurigo nodulaire &#187; mais cette appellation est impropre, car les nodules ne sont pr&#233;sents que 2 fois sur 3 [1]. Le prurigo chronique est ainsi une maladie d&#233;finie par la pr&#233;sence d'un prurit chronique depuis au moins six semaines, des ant&#233;c&#233;dents et/ou des signes de grattage r&#233;p&#233;t&#233; et de multiples l&#233;sions cutan&#233;es prurigineuses localis&#233;es ou g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233;es (papules blanch&#226;tres ou ros&#233;es, nodules et/ou plaques) [2]. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Le prurigo chronique (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?rubrique1" rel="directory"&gt;Maladies&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;G&#201;N&#201;RALIT&#201;S&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le prurigo chronique est souvent appel&#233; &#171; prurigo nodulaire &#187; mais cette appellation est impropre, car les nodules ne sont pr&#233;sents que 2 fois sur 3 [1].&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Le prurigo chronique est ainsi une maladie d&#233;finie par la pr&#233;sence d'un prurit chronique depuis au moins six semaines, des ant&#233;c&#233;dents et/ou des signes de grattage r&#233;p&#233;t&#233; et de multiples l&#233;sions cutan&#233;es prurigineuses localis&#233;es ou g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233;es (papules blanch&#226;tres ou ros&#233;es, nodules et/ou plaques) [2].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le prurigo chronique survient &#224; cause d'une sensibilisation neuronale au prurit et du d&#233;veloppement d'un cercle vicieux prurit-grattage. Le prurigo chronique peut survenir sur un prurit chronique d'origine dermatologique (dont la dermatite atopique), syst&#233;mique, neurologique, psychiatrique/psychosomatique, mixte ou ind&#233;termin&#233;e. La sensibilisation au prurit conduit chez certains patients &#224; cette maladie, dont on sait aujourd'hui qu'elle est li&#233;e &#224; une inflammation de type 2.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cinq formes cliniques ou types sont d&#233;crits [2,3] : le prurigo chronique peut &#234;tre papuleux, nodulaire, en plaques, ombiliqu&#233; ou lin&#233;aire. Ces diff&#233;rents types peuvent co-exister ou se succ&#233;der. Le prurigo strictement nodulaire est la forme la plus fr&#233;quente et habituellement la forme ultime.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;h2&gt; G&#201;N&#201;RALIT&#201;S&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Le prurigo chronique est souvent appel&#233; &#171; prurigo nodulaire &#187; mais cette appellation est impropre car les nodules ne sont pr&#233;sents que 2 fois sur 3 [1].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Le prurigo chronique est ainsi une maladie d&#233;finie par la pr&#233;sence d'un prurit chronique depuis au moins six semaines, des ant&#233;c&#233;dents et/ou des signes de grattage r&#233;p&#233;t&#233; et de multiples l&#233;sions cutan&#233;es prurigineuses localis&#233;es ou g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233;es (papules blanch&#226;tres ou ros&#233;es, nodules et/ou plaques) [2].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Le prurigo chronique survient &#224; cause d'une sensibilisation neuronale au prurit et du d&#233;veloppement d'un cercle vicieux prurit-grattage. Le prurigo chronique peut survenir sur un prurit chronique d'origine dermatologique (dont la dermatite atopique), syst&#233;mique, neurologique, psychiatrique/psychosomatique, mixte ou ind&#233;termin&#233;e. La sensibilisation au prurit conduit chez certains patients &#224; cette maladie, dont on sait aujourd'hui qu'elle est li&#233;e &#224; une inflammation de type 2.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Cinq formes cliniques ou types sont d&#233;crits [2, 3] : le prurigo chronique peut &#234;tre papuleux, nodulaire, en plaques, ombiliqu&#233; ou lin&#233;aire. Ces diff&#233;rents types peuvent co-exister ou se succ&#233;der. Le prurigo strictement nodulaire est la forme la plus fr&#233;quente et habituellement la forme ultime.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; RETENTISSEMENT PHYSIQUE ET PSYCHOLOGIQUE&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Le retentissement du prurigo chronique est majeur puisqu'une &#233;tude de l'ESDaP (European Society for Dermatology and Psychiatry) a montr&#233; que le retentissement sur la qualit&#233; de vie et la pr&#233;sence d'une co-morbidit&#233; psychiatrique (d&#233;pression, anxi&#233;t&#233;, id&#233;es suicidaires) &#233;tait la plus fr&#233;quente parmi les dix maladies dermatologiques &#233;tudi&#233;es chez 3635 patients dans 13 pays d'Europe [4]. Les niveaux de stigmatisation et de stress per&#231;u sont importants [5, 6] alors que le retentissement sur la qualit&#233; de vie est cons&#233;quent [6].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; TRAITEMENT&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Le traitement du prurigo chronique mod&#233;r&#233; &#224; s&#233;v&#232;re repose d&#233;sormais sur le dupilumab [7], qui cible le r&#233;cepteur des interleukines 4 et 13, et le n&#233;molizumab [8], qui cible le r&#233;cepteur de l'interleukine 31.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; En cas d'&#233;chec, les gabapentono&#239;des, la ciclosporine, le m&#233;thotrexate, les anti-d&#233;presseurs, la thalidomide ou les Jak inhibiteurs peuvent &#234;tre propos&#233;s, ainsi que la phototh&#233;rapie UVA ou UVB.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Le traitement de formes plus localis&#233;es rel&#232;ve des dermocortico&#239;des ou du tacrolimus topique. La capsa&#239;cine topique peut aussi &#234;tre propos&#233;e.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Dans tous les cas, une &#233;ducation th&#233;rapeutique et un soutien psychologique voire une psychoth&#233;rapie peuvent &#234;tre propos&#233;es.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; D&#201;CLARATION DE CONFLIT D'INT&#201;R&#202;TS&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; L'auteur pr&#233;sente des liens d'int&#233;r&#234;ts avec les laboratoires suivants : Abbvie, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer et Sanofi.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. MISERY L. Chronic prurigo. Br J Dermatol, 2022, 187 : 464-471.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2. PEREIRA MP, STEINKE S, ZEIDLER C, FORNER C, RIEPE C et al. European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology European Prurigo Project : expert consensus on the definition, classification and terminology of chronic prurigo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2018, 32 : 1059-1065.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3. PEREIRA MP, ZEIDLER C, NAU T, BOBKO S, EVERS AWM et al. Position statement : Linear prurigo is a subtype of chronic prurigo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2019, 33 : 263-266.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;4. BRENAUT E, HALVORSEN JA, DALGARD FJ, LIEN L, BALIEVA F et al. The self-assessed psychological comorbities of prurigo in European patients : a multicenter study in 13 countries. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2019, 33 : 157-162.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;5. FICHEUX AS, BRENAUT E, SCHUT C, DALGARD FJ, BEWLEY A et al. Predictors of perceived stress, perceived stigmatization, and body dysmorphia in patients with chronic prurigo/prurigo nodularis : Results from an observational cross-sectional multicenter European study in 17 countries. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2025, 92 : 1056-1063.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;6. MISERY L, PATRAS DE CAMPAIGNO C, TAIEB C, TH&#201;NI&#201; C, MEYER C et al. Impact of chronic prurigo nodularis on daily life and stigmatization. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2023, 37 : e908-e909.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;7. YOSIPOVITCH G, MOLLANAZAR N, ST&#196;NDER S, KWATRA SG, KIM BS et al. Dupilumab in patients with prurigo nodularis : two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials. Nat Med, 2023, 29 : 1180-1190.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;8. ST&#196;NDER S, YOSIPOVITCH G, LEGAT FJ, LACOUR JP, PAUL C et al. Trial of Nemolizumab in Moderate-to-Severe Prurigo Nodularis. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382 :706-716.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Prurit sine materia</title>
		<link>https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1277</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?article1277</guid>
		<dc:date>2026-03-25T11:45:05Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>MISERY L.</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Le prurit se d&#233;finit comme &#171; une sensation d&#233;plaisante qui provoque le d&#233;sir de se gratter &#187; [1]. Le prurit sine materia correspond &#224; un prurit sans dermatose causale associ&#233;e et peut &#234;tre aigu ou chronique [4, 6]. Il peut survenir au cours de nombreuses circonstances : terrain atopique, cholestase ou insuffisance r&#233;nale, maladies g&#233;n&#233;rales (h&#233;mopathies, maladies endocriniennes, etc.). Il peut &#233;galement &#234;tre induit par des agents exog&#232;nes (produits chimiques, m&#233;dicaments) ou encore &#234;tre (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://www.therapeutique-dermatologique.org/spip.php?rubrique1" rel="directory"&gt;Maladies&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Le prurit se d&#233;finit comme &#171; une sensation d&#233;plaisante qui provoque le d&#233;sir de se gratter &#187; [1]. Le prurit sine materia correspond &#224; un prurit sans dermatose causale associ&#233;e et peut &#234;tre aigu ou chronique [4, 6]. Il peut survenir au cours de nombreuses circonstances : terrain atopique, cholestase ou insuffisance r&#233;nale, maladies g&#233;n&#233;rales (h&#233;mopathies, maladies endocriniennes, etc.). Il peut &#233;galement &#234;tre induit par des agents exog&#232;nes (produits chimiques, m&#233;dicaments) ou encore &#234;tre neurog&#232;ne ou psychog&#232;ne.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Le prurit se d&#233;finit comme &#171; une sensation d&#233;plaisante qui provoque le d&#233;sir de se gratter &#187; [1]. Le prurit sine materia correspond &#224; un prurit sans dermatose causale associ&#233;e et peut &#234;tre aigu ou chronique [4, 6]. Il peut survenir au cours de nombreuses circonstances : terrain atopique, cholestase ou insuffisance r&#233;nale, maladies g&#233;n&#233;rales (h&#233;mopathies, maladies endocriniennes, etc.). Il peut &#233;galement &#234;tre induit par des agents exog&#232;nes (produits chimiques, m&#233;dicaments) ou encore &#234;tre neurog&#232;ne ou psychog&#232;ne.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; PHYSIOPATHOLOGIE&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Des r&#233;cepteurs sp&#233;cifiques du prurit ont &#233;t&#233; mis en &#233;vidence, histaminergiques ou non (exprimant PAR-2 ou MRGPRX2). Le prurit semble na&#238;tre dans les terminaisons nerveuses libres &#233;pidermiques ou sous-&#233;pidermiques. L'information est ensuite conduite par les fibres A&#948; et surtout C, puis suit les voies habituelles de la sensibilit&#233; et est transmis par les neurom&#233;diateurs et l'influx nerveux. L'int&#233;gration centrale est importante et fait appel &#224; diff&#233;rentes zones du cerveau (sensorielles mais aussi motrices et affectives). Un contr&#244;le de porte existe &#224; diff&#233;rents niveaux, comme pour la douleur. A contrario, la chronicit&#233; du prurit se complique d'une sensibilisation au prurit et d'une autonomisation du prurit, qui devient une maladie en soi.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; L'histamine est loin d'&#234;tre le seul m&#233;diateur impliqu&#233; dans le prurit et peut m&#234;me ne jouer aucun r&#244;le dans la majorit&#233; des cas. La substance P, la s&#233;rotonine et les prostaglandines ont un r&#244;le pathog&#232;ne important. Les morphiniques naturels (ou exog&#232;nes), les cytokines telles que l'interleukine 4, 13 et 31, ou certaines prot&#233;ases (cathepsine, tryptase) se liant &#224; PAR-2 ou kinines (kallicr&#233;ine, bradykinine) peuvent induire un prurit.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; D&#201;MARCHE DIAGNOSTIQUE&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; L'examen clinique montre les l&#233;sions de grattage, parfois des papules ou des nodules de prurigo, des l&#233;sions de dermographisme, des lich&#233;nifications. Les signes cutan&#233;s ou g&#233;n&#233;raux associ&#233;s vont guider le diagnostic &#233;tiologique. Un aspect verniss&#233; des ongles est en faveur d'un prurit ancien et intense.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; L'interrogatoire doit essayer de bien discriminer ce qui rel&#232;ve vraiment du prurit de ce qui correspond &#224; des paresth&#233;sies ou des dysesth&#233;sies. Il doit pr&#233;ciser les caract&#232;res du prurit :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; date et mode de d&#233;but (brutal ou progressif) ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; facteurs d&#233;clenchants (stress, irritants&#8230;) ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; &#233;volution (aigu&#235;, paroxystique ou chronique) ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; chronologie (heure de la journ&#233;e, p&#233;riode de l'ann&#233;e) ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; intensit&#233; (g&#234;ne dans le travail, la vie quotidienne, la vie affective ou le sommeil) ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; topographie et extension ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; facteurs aggravants (hypersudation, sport, bains, douches, repas) ou calmants (froid, d&#233;tente) ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; contexte associ&#233; (maladies, toxiques) ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; liens avec des signes objectifs (avant, pendant ou apr&#232;s signes cutan&#233;s) ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; existence ou non d'un prurit collectif ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; effets des traitements&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; retentissement sur la qualit&#233; de vie&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; retentissement psychique et social.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Le diagnostic &#233;tiologique est souvent pos&#233; gr&#226;ce &#224; l'interrogatoire et l'examen clinique. Selon leurs donn&#233;es, des examens compl&#233;mentaires seront demand&#233;s :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; une biopsie cutan&#233;e avec immunofluorescence directe chez la personne &#226;g&#233;e ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; des examens biologiques : NFP, prot&#233;ine C r&#233;active, ur&#233;e, cr&#233;atinine, bilan h&#233;patique, LDH, glyc&#233;mie &#224; jeun, calc&#233;mie, fer s&#233;rique, ferritine, TSH, &#233;lectrophor&#232;se et immuno-&#233;lectrophor&#232;se des prot&#233;ines, s&#233;rologies VIH, VHA, VHB, VHC, amibe, &lt;em&gt;Toxocara&lt;/em&gt; ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; un examen parasitologique des selles ;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; &#8211; une radiographie thoracique et une &#233;chographie abdominale.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Il est important de mener une enqu&#234;te &#233;tiologique approfondie car le traitement du prurit est avant tout celui de sa cause&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; &#201;TIOLOGIES&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; ORIGINE M&#201;DICAMENTEUSE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; La liste des m&#233;dicaments susceptibles d'induire un prurit sine materia est tr&#232;s longue, bien que l'imputabilit&#233; de la majorit&#233; d'entre eux ne soit pas claire. Il faut quand m&#234;me avoir le r&#233;flexe de rechercher tous les m&#233;dicaments pris par le malade. La suppression d'un m&#233;dicament peut permettre la disparition du prurit, mais il faut alors savoir attendre plusieurs semaines.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PRURIT UR&#201;MIQUE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Le prurit ur&#233;mique est li&#233; &#224; une insuffisance r&#233;nale chronique mais pas aigu&#235;. Il est alors plus fr&#233;quent chez les h&#233;modialis&#233;s. Il est localis&#233; une fois sur deux. Le traitement est difficile ; les &#233;mollients et les antihistaminiques donnent des r&#233;sultats tr&#232;s d&#233;cevants. La phototh&#233;rapie UVB permet souvent une diminution du prurit mais son utilisation doit &#234;tre limit&#233;e chez ces patients immunod&#233;prim&#233;s par l'insuffisance r&#233;nale et d'&#233;ventuels traitements immunosuppresseurs. La ciclosporine permet parfois de diminuer l'intensit&#233; du prurit, ainsi que les opiac&#233;s antagonistes des r&#233;cepteurs mu et/ou antagonistes des r&#233;cepteurs kappa, la dif&#233;lik&#233;faline ayant l'AMM ou les gabapentino&#239;des (gabapentine, pr&#233;gabaline). &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PRURIT CHOLESTATIQUE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Le prurit est un signe pr&#233;coce de cholestase chronique et pr&#233;c&#232;de parfois de plusieurs ann&#233;es les autres signes, cutan&#233;s ou non, des h&#233;patopathies. Il s'intensifie la nuit et s'accompagne souvent d'une pigmentation cutan&#233;e respectant la zone m&#233;dio-dorsale. Les principales causes de prurit cholestatique sont les h&#233;patites virales et m&#233;dicamenteuses et la cholestase de la grossesse. Il peut aussi &#234;tre li&#233; &#224; une lithiase biliaire, une pancr&#233;atite, une cholangite biliaire primitive, une cholangite scl&#233;rosante primitive, des cholestases d'origine g&#233;n&#233;tique ou encore &#224; une origine n&#233;oplasique, notamment les cancers du pancr&#233;as, les m&#233;tastases h&#233;patiques et pancr&#233;atiques. La cirrhose &#233;thylique et l'h&#233;mochromatose ne s'accompagnent habituellement pas de prurit.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; En plus du traitement de l'&#233;tiologie, l'acide ursod&#233;soxycholique ou les fibres (b&#233;zafibrate en particulier) sont les traitement de r&#233;f&#233;rence, la cholestyramine (Questran&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;) &#233;tant un traitement d&#233;sormais beaucoup moins utilis&#233;. On peut aussi pr&#233;coniser la naltrexone (Revia&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, 50 mg/j), la naloxone ou la nalfurafine et la phototh&#233;rapie. La prise en charge est d&#233;sormais transform&#233;e par les IBAT inhibiteurs dans les formes g&#233;n&#233;tiques (syndrome d'Alagille, cholestases intra-h&#233;patiques familiales) ou dans certaine formes acquises tr&#232;s s&#233;v&#232;res, malgr&#233; un co&#251;t important.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PRURIT H&#201;MATOLOGIQUE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Le prurit g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233; est un signe classique (30 p. 100 des patients) et pr&#233;coce des lymphomes, en particulier de la maladie de Hodgkin. Il est souvent plus intense la nuit et g&#233;n&#233;ralement class&#233;, &#224; tort, comme un prurit psychog&#232;ne ou un prurigo nodulaire, il serait de mauvais pronostic. Il s'associe souvent &#224; des sueurs et dispara&#238;t lors des r&#233;missions. Le traitement &#233;tiologique est important. Gabapentine, pr&#233;gabaline ou mu-antagonistes peuvent &#234;tre utilis&#233;s mais ce sont les anti-NK1 et les anti-IL31 qui semblent les plus prometteurs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Au cours des n&#233;oplasies my&#233;loprolif&#233;ratives (polyglobulies de Vasquez, thrombocytop&#233;nie essentielle, my&#233;lofibrose), le prurit est souvent aquag&#233;nique ou li&#233; &#224; la chaleur. Il peut pr&#233;c&#233;der le diagnostic de plusieurs ann&#233;es. Le traitement est &#233;tiologique, mais aussi symptomatique par l'aspirine ou surtout la PUVAth&#233;rapie. B&#234;ta-bloquants, pr&#233;gabaline ou gabapentine, mu-antagonistes, apr&#233;pitant ou inhibiteurs de recapture de la s&#233;rotonine ont aussi un int&#233;r&#234;t.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Les mastocytoses cutan&#233;es et syst&#233;miques peuvent s'accompagner de prurit, m&#234;me en l'absence de l&#233;sion sp&#233;cifique, du fait de la lib&#233;ration de nombreux m&#233;diateurs, en particulier de l'histamine. Le traitement repose donc sur les antihistaminiques et/ou les traitements visant &#224; diminuer la charge mastocytaire (PUVAth&#233;rapie).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PRURIT PARAN&#201;OPLASIQUE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Le prurit est rare au cours de cancers (0,67 p. 100) et il n'est donc pas n&#233;cessaire de rechercher un cancer de mani&#232;re syst&#233;matique devant un prurit isol&#233;, sans autre signe associ&#233;. Les prurits peuvent &#234;tre associ&#233;s &#224; des cancers &#171; solides &#187;, essentiellement lorsqu'il y a blocage des voies biliaires. Les carcinomes du poumon anaplasiques &#224; petites cellules peuvent exceptionnellement &#234;tre &#224; l'origine d'un prurit, par la s&#233;cr&#233;tion inappropri&#233;e de PTH. Le syndrome des n&#233;oplasies endocriniennes multiples de type 2 peut &#234;tre associ&#233; &#224; un prurit localis&#233; (amylo&#239;dose cutan&#233;e ou notalgie paresth&#233;sique). Un prurit g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233; a &#233;t&#233; observ&#233; au cours de tumeurs carcino&#239;des, de cancers du sein, de la prostate, de l'ut&#233;rus ou de la thyro&#239;de, mais il s'agit de cas isol&#233;s et l'on ne peut exclure une simple co&#239;ncidence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PRURIT ENDOCRINIEN&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Fr&#233;quent, le prurit gravidique est souvent associ&#233; &#224; la cholestase. Il est surtout pr&#233;sent en fin de grossesse et gu&#233;rit quelques jours (parfois plus) apr&#232;s l'accouchement. Un prurit de ce type peut aussi &#234;tre observ&#233; lors de la prise d'&#339;stroprogestatifs ou lors du syndrome pr&#233;menstruel.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; L'hyperthyro&#239;die s'accompagne d'un prurit dans 10 p. 100 des cas. Il peut &#234;tre isol&#233; ou associ&#233; &#224; une urticaire. L'hypothyro&#239;die peut s'accompagner d'un prurit li&#233; &#224; la s&#233;cheresse cutan&#233;e.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Le diab&#232;te est une cause classique de prurit sine materia g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233; mais est plut&#244;t responsable de paresth&#233;sies. Le prurit serait plut&#244;t associ&#233; &#224; des hyperglyc&#233;mies mod&#233;r&#233;es. Il est li&#233; &#224; une neuropathie des petites fibres et/ou des grosses fibres.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Les hyper- et hypoparathyro&#239;dies peuvent &#234;tre associ&#233;es &#224; un prurit.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PRURIT D'ORIGINE M&#201;TABOLIQUE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Le prurit associ&#233; &#224; une hypercalc&#233;mie survient g&#233;n&#233;ralement dans un contexte d'hyperparathyro&#239;die alors que celui li&#233; &#224; l'hyperuric&#233;mie est en fait toujours li&#233; &#224; une h&#233;mopathie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; La carence en fer est une cause relativement fr&#233;quente de prurit, g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233; ou ano-g&#233;nital. Le prurit pr&#233;c&#232;de ou accompagne l'an&#233;mie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PRURIT NEUROLOGIQUE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Plusieurs maladies du syst&#232;me nerveux central peuvent donner lieu &#224; un prurit : tumeurs c&#233;r&#233;brales, scl&#233;rose en plaques, neuromy&#233;lite optique (y penser devant un prurit associ&#233; &#224; une n&#233;vrite optique),accidents vasculaires c&#233;r&#233;braux et an&#233;vrysmes, abc&#232;s c&#233;r&#233;braux, l&#233;sions ou compressions m&#233;dullaires. Mais le prurit neuropathique est surtout p&#233;riph&#233;rique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Au cours de la notalgie paresth&#233;sique, il existe un prurit et/ou des paresth&#233;sies localis&#233;s dans le dos (dermatomes D2-D4). Des atteintes similaires ont &#233;t&#233; d&#233;crites dans d'autres r&#233;gions, comme par exemple la cruralgie ou m&#233;ralgie paresth&#233;sique (dermatomes L2-L4) ou le prurit brachio-radial (dermatomes C4-D6). Le traitement &#233;lectif est la capsa&#239;cine topique &#224; raison de deux applications par jour en pr&#233;paration magistrale ou en application unique de patch &#224; 8% (Qutenza&#174;) qui peut &#234;tre renouvel&#233;e apr&#232;s plusieurs mois.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Les neuropathies des petites fibres sont &#224; l'origine de multiples sensations anormales, dont le prurit. Ces sensations commencent aux mains et aux pieds puis diffusent &#224; l'ensemble du t&#233;gument au cours de l'&#233;volution. Le traitement repose sur la gabapentine et la pr&#233;gabaline ou bien la dulox&#233;tine.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PRURIT D'ORIGINE INFECTIEUSE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Au cours de l'infection par le VIH, le prurit est un signe fr&#233;quent, isol&#233; ou associ&#233; &#224; des signes cutan&#233;s vari&#233;s. Un prurit isol&#233; doit syst&#233;matiquement faire rechercher une infection par le VIH. Les prurits associ&#233;s au VIH r&#233;pondent g&#233;n&#233;ralement &#224; une phototh&#233;rapie ou sinon &#224; un traitement de prurit neuropathique. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Un prurit isol&#233; ou seulement associ&#233; &#224; une hyper&#233;osinophilie doit faire rechercher une parasitose : anguillulose, filariose, ascaridiose, oxyurose, trichoc&#233;phalose, trichinose, larva migrans, distomatose, bilharziose, &#233;chinococcose, kyste hydatique, t&#230;niase et surtout toxocarose.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PRURIT AQUAG&#201;NIQUE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Survenant apr&#232;s le contact avec l'eau, il peut &#234;tre isol&#233; ou associ&#233; &#224; une polyglobulie, &#224; un syndrome hyper&#233;osinophilique, &#224; une leuc&#233;mie lymphoblastique ou &#224; une my&#233;lodysplasie, ces h&#233;mopathies pouvant se r&#233;v&#233;ler des ann&#233;es apr&#232;s le d&#233;but du prurit. L'alcalinisation de l'eau peut &#234;tre utile (25 &#224; 200 g de bicarbonate de soude dans une baignoire). Le prurit aquag&#233;nique peut &#234;tre trait&#233; par anti-H1 (hydroxyzine en paticulier), phototh&#233;rapie UVB ou UVA, aspirine, propanolol, gabapentine/pr&#233;gabaline ou dox&#233;pine.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PEAUX SENSIBLES&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Elles sont d&#233;finies par la survenue de sensations cutan&#233;es anormales, dont un prurit, et/ou d'un &#233;ryth&#232;me apr&#232;s l'exposition &#224; des facteurs non pathog&#232;nes en eux-m&#234;mes : froid, chaud, eau, shampooings, cosm&#233;tiques, savons, vent, climatisation, rayonnement solaire ou m&#234;me &#233;motions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PRURIT S&#201;NILE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Ce diagnostic est pos&#233; chez un sujet de plus de 70 ans, apr&#232;s avoir &#233;limin&#233; toutes les autres causes. Le prurit est d&#233;clench&#233; par les stimuli habituels (chaleur, laine, etc.) ou permanent. Sa physiopathog&#233;nie est discut&#233;e : s&#233;cheresse cutan&#233;e ?, d&#233;saff&#233;rentation ?, accumulation de d&#233;chets m&#233;taboliques dans la peau ou les nerfs ? prurit d'origine m&#233;dicamenteuse ? Son traitement est tr&#232;s difficile, alors que son retentissement physique (prurigo) ou psychique (d&#233;pression) peut &#234;tre tr&#232;s important. L'application d'&#233;mollients est toutefois recommand&#233;e.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; PRURIT PSYCHOG&#200;NE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Ce diagnostic doit &#234;tre pos&#233; apr&#232;s l'&#233;limination de toute cause organique mais ce n'est pas un diagnostic d'&#233;limination. Il faut aussi des &#233;l&#233;ments cliniques en faveur d'un trouble psychiatrique ou d'un r&#244;le du strees, en fonction de crit&#232;res diagnostiques. Il doit &#234;tre syst&#233;matiquement &#233;voqu&#233; initialement avec le patient comme une des causes possibles. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Un traitement par hydroxyzine est souvent efficace. Une psychoth&#233;rapie ou un traitement psychotrope, en particulier avec des inhibiteurs de recapture de la s&#233;rotonine, dox&#233;pine, dulox&#233;pine ou venlafaxine peuvent &#234;tre entrepris.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Quoiqu'il en soit, il existe une composante psychique pour tout prurit, organique ou non, dans la mesure o&#249; le v&#233;cu d'un prurit est tr&#232;s variable d'un sujet &#224; l'autre et souvent sans rapport avec l'intensit&#233; suppos&#233;e en fonction de l'&#233;tiologie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; TRAITEMENT&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Dans la mesure du possible, il faut bien entendu supprimer la cause du prurit et commencer par un traitement &#233;tiologique. Certains traitements symptomatiques seront eux aussi d&#233;cid&#233;s en fonction de l'&#233;tiologie (voir ci-dessus) [7].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; CONSEILS HYGI&#201;NO-DI&#201;T&#201;TIQUES&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Il faut aussi &#233;viter tout ce qui peut favoriser l'apparition ou l'exacerbation du prurit. Pour la toilette, il faut pr&#233;f&#233;rer les douches courtes aux bains, &#233;viter les d&#233;tergents et les savons acides et privil&#233;gier les savons surgras ou alcalins. Des &#233;mollients peuvent &#234;tre appliqu&#233;s apr&#232;s la toilette et les applications peuvent &#234;tre renouvel&#233;es dans la journ&#233;e. Le coton est mieux adapt&#233; que d'autres textiles, en particulier la laine. Les v&#234;tements trop serr&#233;s ou trop chauds doivent &#234;tre &#233;vit&#233;s. Les excitants (alcool, caf&#233;, th&#233;, &#233;pices), les boissons chaudes et les fruits acides favoriseraient aussi le prurit. Afin d'&#233;viter les l&#233;sions de grattage, les ongles doivent &#234;tre coup&#233;s courts. Il faut &#233;viter la chaleur.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; TRAITEMENTS LOCAUX&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Les &lt;em&gt;antiprurigineux&lt;/em&gt; locaux apportent souvent un soulagement temporaire mais appr&#233;ciable. En cas de prurit paroxystique, il faut apprendre au malade &#224; remplacer le grattage par leur application, ce qui peut permettre de casser le cercle vicieux prurit-grattage-prurit.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; L'eau fra&#238;che est le plus simple des antiprurigineux locaux. Des cosm&#233;tiques commercialis&#233;s peuvent avoir un effet anti-prurigineux (Atopicontrol Intensive&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, SOS Atopy Spray&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, Gel de Calamine&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, Sensinol&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, Trixera&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, Xeracalm&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, Pruriced&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, Hydralin&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;, etc.). Ces produits contiennent souvent du glycocolle, du polidocanol, de la calamine, des d&#233;riv&#233;s du menthol ou des acides gras essentiels.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; La &lt;em&gt;capsa&#239;cine&lt;/em&gt; [5] peut &#234;tre tr&#232;s efficace. Elle n'est pas commercialis&#233;e en France mais des pr&#233;parations magistrales sont possibles. Les premi&#232;res applications peuvent &#234;tre un peu douloureuses mais la s&#233;dation est obtenue en quelques jours. Dans un prurit neuropathique localis&#233;, les patchs &#224; 8% (Qutenza&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;) peuvent &#234;tre tr&#232;s efficaces plusieurs mois apr&#232;s une application unique &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; La &lt;em&gt;dox&#233;pine&lt;/em&gt; [2], par son action antihistaminique et anticholinergique, est aussi efficace. Pour l'instant, cet antid&#233;presseur n'est pas commercialis&#233; en France sous forme topique (pr&#233;paration magistrale &#224; 5 p. 100).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Les &lt;em&gt;cortico&#239;des locaux&lt;/em&gt; sont essentiellement efficaces sur des l&#233;sions dermatologiques. Ils ont donc peu de place dans le prurit &lt;em&gt;sine materia&lt;/em&gt; et leur utilisation doit toutefois &#234;tre limit&#233;e dans le temps et l'espace. On pense m&#234;me de plus qu'ils peuvent entretenir un prurit sine materia. Le tacrolimus topique (Protopic&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;) semble plus adapt&#233; car il a en plus une action sur les terminaisons nerveuses.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Les &lt;em&gt;ultraviolets A ou B&lt;/em&gt; ont une action antiprurigineuse dans des circonstances tr&#232;s vari&#233;es. Les s&#233;ances doivent &#234;tre suivies de l'application d'&#233;mollients car la x&#233;rose secondaire &#224; la PUVAth&#233;rapie ou &#224; l'UVB-th&#233;rapie est une cause classique de prurit.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3&gt; TRAITEMENTS G&#201;N&#201;RAUX&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; L'histamine &#233;tant l'un des principaux m&#233;diateurs du prurit, les &lt;em&gt;antihistaminiques&lt;/em&gt; sont les m&#233;dicaments les plus utilis&#233;s. N&#233;anmoins, ils sont partiellement ou totalement inefficaces sur certains prurits. Les anti-H1 de premi&#232;re g&#233;n&#233;ration sont s&#233;datifs, alors que ceux de deuxi&#232;me g&#233;n&#233;ration ne le sont pas. N&#233;anmoins, ceux de premi&#232;re g&#233;n&#233;ration sont particuli&#232;rement indiqu&#233;s en cas de composante psychog&#232;ne. Les antihistaminiques sont tr&#232;s bien tol&#233;r&#233;s. Ceux qui ont une action anticholinergique sont contre-indiqu&#233;s en cas de glaucome ou d'ad&#233;nome prostatique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Plusieurs &lt;em&gt;psychotropes&lt;/em&gt; ont une action antiprurigineuse, qu'ils soient anxiolytiques (hydoxyzine) ou antid&#233;presseurs (dox&#233;pine, fluox&#233;tine, parox&#233;tine, dulox&#233;tine ou autres). Ils sont particuli&#232;rement indiqu&#233;s lorsque la composante psychog&#232;ne du prurit est importante mais pas uniquement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; La &lt;em&gt;naloxone&lt;/em&gt;, la &lt;em&gt;naltexone&lt;/em&gt; et la &lt;em&gt;nalfurafine&lt;/em&gt;, antagonistes des opiac&#233;s, sont essentiellement utilis&#233;e dans les prurits d'origine h&#233;patique ou r&#233;nale, mais leurs indications devraient s'&#233;tendre &#224; l'ensemble des prurits sine materia [3]. D&#233;sormais indiqu&#233;e chez les h&#233;modialis&#233;s, la &lt;em&gt;dif&#233;lik&#233;faline&lt;/em&gt; (Kapruvia&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;) devrait avoir ses indications &#233;largies [8].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; La gabapentine (Neurontin&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;) et la pr&#233;gabaline (Lyrica&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;) sont efficaces dans les prurits qui ont une composante neurog&#232;ne.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Une AMM sp&#233;cifique aux prurits cholestatiques existe pour les IBAT inhibiteurs [9].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; Le dupilumab (Dupixent&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;) et le n&#233;molizumab (Nemluvio&lt;sup&gt;&#174;&lt;/sup&gt;) sont indiqu&#233;s dans le prurigo chronique [10] et pourraient &#234;tre efficaces dans certains cas de prurit chronique isol&#233;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#034;Textecourant&#034;&gt; L'acupuncture, la cr&#233;noth&#233;rapie, les techniques de relaxation, l'hypnose, les psychoth&#233;rapies (psychanalyse, psychoth&#233;rapie de soutien ou comportementale) ou m&#234;me les placebos ont parfois un effet remarquable. Dans tous les cas, il est important d'&#233;couter le patient et de d&#233;monter le cycle infernal prurit-v&#233;cu anxiog&#232;ne ou d&#233;pressog&#232;ne-prurit.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt; D&#201;CLARATION DE CONFLIT D'INT&#201;R&#202;TS&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt; L'auteur pr&#233;sente des liens d'int&#233;r&#234;ts avec les laboratoires suivants : Abbvie, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer et Sanofi.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. BERNHARD JD. Itch. Mechanisms and management of pruritus. New York, Mac Graw-Hill, 1994, 454 pages.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2. DRAKE LA, FALLON JD, SOBER A AND THE DOXEPIN STUDY GROUP. Relief of pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis after treatment with topical doxepin cream. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1994, 31 : 613-616.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3. METZE D, REIMANN S, BEISSERT S, LUGER T. Efficacy and safety of naltrexone, an oral opiate receptor antagonist, in the treatment of pruritus in internal and dermatological diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1999, 41 : 533-539.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;4. MISERY L, STAENDER S. Pruritus, 2nd edition. London, Springer-Verlag, 2017.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;5. ANDERSEN HH, MARKER JB, HOECK EA, ELBERLING J, ARENDT-NIELSEN L. Antipruritic effect of pretreatment with topical capsaicin 8% on histamine- and cowhage-evoked itch in healthy volunteers : a randomized, vehicle-controlled, proof-of-concept trial. Br J Dermatol, 2017, 177 : 107-116.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;6. YOSIPOVITCH G, DAVID M. The diagnostic and therapeutic approach to idiopathic generalized pruritus. Int J Dermatol, 1999, 38 : 881-887.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;7. WEISSHAAR E, SZEPIETIOWSKI JC, DARSOW U, MISERY L et coll. European guideline on pruritus. Acta Derm Venereol, 2012, 92 : 563-581.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;8. FISHBANE S, JAMAL A, MUNERA C, WEN W, MENZAGHI F et al. A Phase 3 Trial of Difelikefalin in Hemodialysis Patients with Pruritus. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382 : 222-232.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;9. EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF THE LIVER. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on genetic cholestatic liver diseases. J Hepatol, 2024, 81 : 303-325.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;10. MISERY L. Chronic prurigo. Br J Dermatol, 2022, 187 : 464-471.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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